gycolysis

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

anaerobic 
cytoplasm 
prehistoric anaerobic bacteria
1 glucose -- 2x 3C molecules (pyruvate) 
substrate level p - production ATP direct transfer of high energy phosphate group from an intermediate substrate in a biochemical pathway to ADP - glycolysis 
net gain 2 ATP

Question 2

How is NAD+ regenerated

Answer 2

alcohol fermentation [pyruvate-ethanol] making CO2 and NAD+ - yeast - anaerobic
generation of lactate - anaerobic - mammalian - lactate dehydrogenase

Question 3

LDH as a diagnostic tool

Answer 3

normally in tissues eg heart, liver, kidney, brain

in blood plasma - stroke, MI, hepatitis

Question 4

Creatine phosphate

Answer 4

reservoir to buffer phosphate demands

4 seconds

Question 5

Creatine kinase as a diagnostic tool

Answer 5

total levels/isoform in blood stream 
MI
extent of muscular disease
evaluate cause of chest pain 
discover carriers of muscular dystrophy

Question 6

generation of acetyl CoA

Answer 6

pyruvate and CoA — acetyl CoA and CO2
NAD+ – NADH
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
mitochondria

Question 7

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 7

3 enzymes: pyryvate decarboxylase, lipoamide reductase transacetylase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
5 cofactors - thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoamide, FAD, CoA, NAD+
60 polypeptides in total

Question 8

Edit  Delete 
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Answer 8

readily loses a proton
carbanion attacks pyruvate - hydroxyethyl TPP
Beri Beri - deficiency of TPP - damage peripheral nervous system, weaken musculature and decrease cardiac output

Question 9

Lipoamide

Answer 9

functional group
undergoes oxidation and reduction
flexible arm - dithiol move from one AS to another
arsenite and mercury - high affinity for sulphydryl - inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 10

FAD

Answer 10

accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons

Question 11

pyruvate dehydrogenase mechanism

Answer 11

decarboxylation pyruvate - hydroxyethyl TPP
oxidation and transfer to lipoamide - acetylipoamide
transfer acetyl group CoA - acetyl CoA
regeneration oxidised FAD - NADH

Question 12

3 stages of cellular metabolism

Answer 12

glycolysis - oxidation of glucose - cytosol - generate ATP and NADH
TCA - further oxidation of small molecules generated by glycolysis - mitochondria - ATP, NADH, FADH2, waste
Oxidative phosphorylation - generate ATP - in mt - reduction O2 - water