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Cardiovascular System > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic-diastolic

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2
Q

How is MAP calculated?

A

Diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

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3
Q

How is MAP calculated?

A

Diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

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4
Q

What are the stages of hypertension?

A

Stage 1- 140/90 Stage 2- 160/100 Severe- systolic >180

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5
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

A secondary upstroke in the descending part of arterial pressure corresponding to the transient increase in aortic pressure upon closure of the aortic valve

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6
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

A secondary upstroke in the descending part of arterial pressure corresponding to the transient increase in aortic pressure upon closure of the aortic valve

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7
Q

Draw the heart with its main arterial blood supply

A
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8
Q

Draw the heart with its main venous drainage

A
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9
Q

Label “X”

A

Right coronary artery

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10
Q

Label “V”

A

Circumflex artery

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11
Q

Label “W”

A

LAD

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12
Q

Why does the chest pain in a patient with stable angina come on with exercise?

A

Blood flow through the left coronary artery is compromised because diastole is shorter

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13
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray alleviates myocardial ischaemia in a patient with stable angina?

A

Primary: Vasodilation of veins

Reduces the PRELOAD to the heart through the venous system, heart contracts less hard

Secondary: Vasodilation of coronary arteries

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14
Q

List the acute coronary syndromes in order of severity

A

Unstable angina

NSTEMI

STEMI

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15
Q

What is the difference between NSTEMI and STEMI?

A

Have infarction in both but a STEMI is a full thickness infarction whereas NSTEMI is not full thiickness

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16
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

Stable- comes on during exercise

Unstable- comes on at rest

17
Q

What changes might you see on an ECG during unstable angina?

Would you have elevated troponin C?

A

ST depression and or T wave inversion

No- no detectable necrosis

18
Q

What factors may alter the experience of MI? i.e. with/without pain

A

Diabetic patients

Women

Elderly

19
Q

Describe the changes that you would see on ECG following STEMI

A

Acute (minutes-hours): ST elevation

Hours: ST elevation, Q wave development, R wave dimishes

Day 1-2: Pathological Q wave

Days later: ST normalises, T wave inverted

Weeks: ST & T normal, Q wave persists

20
Q

What is the definition of a Q wave?

When does the Q wave become pathological?

A

First deflection in the QRS complex is downwards

Bigger than 2mm in depth

21
Q

A 64 year old man suffered severe chest pain whilst out shopping and was assessed by paramedics at the scene.

The paramedics performed a 12 lead ECG which showed signs of an inferior STEMI (ST elevated myocardial infarction). In which group of leads would ST elevation suggest an inferior infarct?

A

Leads II, III, avF

22
Q

A 64 year old man suffered severe chest pain whilst out shopping and was assessed by paramedics at the scene.

The paramedics performed a 12 lead ECG which showed signs of an inferior STEMI (ST elevated myocardial infarction). In which group of leads would ST elevation suggest a lateral infarct?

A

Leads I, aVL, V5, V6

23
Q

Which of the following findings are consistent with an acute inferior non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)?

A

ST depression in leads I, II, aVF and raised troponin

24
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

The full extent to which the ventricle has filled at end of diastole

25
Q

What is the end systolic volume?

A
26
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A
27
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

How do we calculate it?

A

(SV/EDV) X100

28
Q

Systolic heart failure is heart failure with _______ ejection fraction

A

Reduced

29
Q

Diastolic heart failure is heart failure with _______ ejection fraction

A

Preserved

30
Q

A patient is having her heart function assessed by echocardiography. If the end diastolic volume of her left ventricle is 120ml and the end systolic volume is 80ml what is her ejection fraction expressed as a percentage?

A

33%

31
Q

How does lung disease lead to right ventricular failure?

A

Chronic hypoxia leads to vasoconstriction increasing vascular resistance

32
Q

Why does pulmonary oedema get worse when lying down?

A

Redistrubution of blood

Pulmonary oedema rather than peripheral oedema

Lung capillaries distend more

33
Q

A patient with heart failure develops pulmonary oedema. The patient is already taking an ACE inhibitor. What type of drug would be most appropriate additional therapy to alleviate the pulmonary oedema and reduce the workload of the heart?

A

Loop diuretic

34
Q
A

Cardiovascular System (7 decks)

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