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Zoology > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Species

A

Individuals able to breed. Interbreed. Share genetic similarities

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2
Q

Ability of host to avoid infection by parasite

A

Resistance

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3
Q

Population reaches carrying capacity

A

Population growth reaches equilibrium

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4
Q

Abundance

A

Total number of individuals in population in the area

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5
Q

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area

Abundance/divided by area

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6
Q

What is fecundity

A

The number of offspring an individual has per reproductive episode

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7
Q

What is parity

A

Number of reproductive episodes an individual has

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8
Q

In a manipulative experiment what is the treatment

A

Factor we manipulate in the study. The experimental unit is the object you apply the manipulation to

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9
Q

What is proximate hypothesis

A

Cause of immediate changes in phenotype/ interactions

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10
Q

What is ultimate hypothesis

A

Fitness cost/ benefit of response

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11
Q

Plants at extremes

A

Increased competition- competitor- fast growth, early mature, low investment of seeds
Increased stress-stress tolerator- slow growth, late maturity, low investment of seeds
Increased disturbance- ruderal- fast growth, early maturity, high seed investment

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12
Q

Principle of allocation

A

When resources are devoted to one structure/ function/ behaviour they can’t be allotted to another eg more offspring= less parental care= lower survival of offspring

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13
Q

Semelparity

A

Produces once

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14
Q

Iteroparity

A

Produce multiple times

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15
Q

Determinate growth and indeterminate growth

A

Determinate- stops growing when reproducing

Indeterminate- carry on growing when reproducing

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16
Q

Senescence

A

Deterioration with age. Decreased fecundity. Increased mortality rate

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17
Q

Dilution effect

A

Reduced probability of predation of individual when in a group

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18
Q

Direct fitness

A

Individual gains by passing on genes

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19
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Individual gains by helping relatives pass on genes

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20
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Direct+ indirect fitness

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21
Q

Direct selection

A

Selection favours direct fitness

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22
Q

Indirect/ kin selection

A

Favours indirect fitness

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23
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

Numerical probability of related individual carrying same genes eg 0.5 with mum (50%)

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24
Q

Eusocial animal characteristics

A

Several adults in group
Overlapping parents and offspring in same group
Cooperation in nest building and brood care
Reproductive dominance by 1 or a few individuals, some sterile
Eg naked mole rat, bees, ants, wasps

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25
Q

Caste

A

Individuals with specialised form and behaviour

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26
Q

Bees

A

Sons=unfertilised, haploid, drone

Daughters=fertilised, diploid, worker (sterile) or queen (fertile)

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27
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Abiotic conditions a species can persist under

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28
Q

Realised niche

A

Abiotic and biotic conditions the population live in

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29
Q

Ecological envelope

A

Range of conditions predicted to be suitable for a species

30
Q

Dispersion

A

Spacing between individuals

Clustered, evenly spaced, random

31
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement of an individual from one area to another NOT MIGRATION some of the population is left behind it is not a mass movement of animals

32
Q

Census and survey

A

Census- every individual

Survey- subset of population

33
Q

Lifetime dispersal

A

Movements made from birth do reproduction NOT DEATH

34
Q

Habitat corridors

A

Strip of favourable land between 2 large patches that facilitate dispersal

35
Q

Ideal free distribution

A

Individuals distribute between different habitats so all get equal per capita (individual) benefits

36
Q

Basic meta population

A

Patched of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable matrix. All suitable habitat of equal quality

37
Q

Sorce-sink meta populations

A

Not all suitable habitat is equal quality
Sorce- the dispersers, high quality patches
Sink- rely on outside dispersers to maintain the sub population, low quality patches

38
Q

Demography

A

Study of populations

39
Q

Intrinsic and exponential growth

A

Intrinsic is highest possible per capita growth rate

Exponential is a model where the population increases continuously

40
Q

Negative density dependence (population regulate by negative and positive density dependence)

A

Decreased population and Increased density (eg the plants get fewer but the ones there get much bigger)

41
Q

Positive density dependence

A

Growth and density increase (inverse density dependence/ Allee effect occurs when density is low and harder to find a mate, inbreeding can occur)

42
Q

What is carrying capacity (k)

A

Maximum population size that can be supported by the environment

43
Q

Survivorship

A

Type1 low mortality early on, high mortality later in life eg whale
Type2 constant mortality through life eg squirrel
Type3 high mortality early on, low mortality later in life eg weeds

44
Q

What is generation time

A

Time between birth and that animal giving birth to its young

45
Q

Cohort life table

A

Used for sessile animals and follows them from birth do death, where as static life tables show survival and fecundity of individuals at a single time interval, this is use on mobile organisms and animals with long life

46
Q

Population fluctuations can be due to ….

A

Available resources, predication, competition, disease, parasites,

47
Q

Stable limit cycle…..

A

Pattern of growth where population continues to show large oscillations over time (rt >1.57)
Where as damped oscillations show the magnitude of oscillations decreasing over time

48
Q

Stochasticity ……

A

Incorporated random variation in population

Demographic stochasticity- variations are due to environment

49
Q

Rescue effect….

A

Dispersers supplement a declining population to prevent extinction. Smaller patches of fragmented land more likely to to extinct

50
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

1934 gause studied paramecium and didinium, no refuge both extinct. Refuge 1 live and other die. Refuge and migration both stable populations “2 species can not live coexist on one limiting resource”
Pray depends on refuge
Co existence depends on immigration

51
Q

What is ecology

A

The study of abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to other organisms and the environmental conditions

52
Q

Lotka-volterra model problems

A

Doesn’t incorporate time delay
Density dependence
Or realistic foraging behaviour

53
Q

Numerical response

A

Numerical response: a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration

54
Q

The ‘life-dinner’ principle

A

– selection pressure is greater for prey as prey lose their life, whereas the predator loses a dinner

55
Q

Arms race….

A

An adaptation in one lineage (e.g. predators) may change the selection pressure on another lineage (e.g. prey), giving rise to a counter-adaptation. If this occurs reciprocally, an unstable runaway escalation or ‘arms race’ may result.

56
Q

Warning colours…

A

Aposematism

57
Q

Batesian mimicry ….

A

Palatable species mimicking non palatable species colours

58
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

Several unpalatable species evolved similar patterns

59
Q

Why is the world green?

A

Herbivores have self regulation mechanisms
Preditor sand disease keep herbivore numbers low (top down)
Plants agents all edible (bottom up)

60
Q

Parasite transmission

A

Horizontal- between individuals NOT MOTHER AND CHILD

vertical- between mother and offspring

61
Q

Reservoir species

A
  • carry parasite but not affected
62
Q

Infectious resistance

A

Prevents infection occurring

63
Q

Infectious tolerance

A

Minimal harm from infection

64
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

Provide fitness to each other. Require each other to persist. Where as facultative benefit each other but do not have to have each other to persist

65
Q

Law of the minimum

A

Population increases until supply of most limiting resource prevents increase further

66
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

Two species can not co exist when both are limited by same resource

67
Q

Competition co efficient

A

An environment has a carrying capacity of 100 rabbits (species 1). The food needed to support 100 rabbits would also support 200 squirrels (species 2).
α would be 0.5 because one squirrel is equivalent to 0.5 rabbits; β would be 2 because one rabbit is equivalent to two squirrels.

68
Q

Exploitative competition

A

Individuals consume a resource to a point others can not persist at, (indirect competition)

69
Q

Interference competition

A

Defend a resource against others
Eg allelopathy competition via producing chemical defence
Or aggressive interaction such as ant covering another and hole in so they can’t get the food

70
Q

Apparent competition

A

Two species having a negative effect on each other through a predator

Zoology (9 decks)

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