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1
Q

Species

A

Individuals able to breed. Interbreed. Share genetic similarities

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2
Q

Ability of host to avoid infection by parasite

A

Resistance

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3
Q

Population reaches carrying capacity

A

Population growth reaches equilibrium

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4
Q

Abundance

A

Total number of individuals in population in the area

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5
Q

Density

A

Number of individuals per unit area

Abundance/divided by area

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6
Q

What is fecundity

A

The number of offspring an individual has per reproductive episode

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7
Q

What is parity

A

Number of reproductive episodes an individual has

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8
Q

In a manipulative experiment what is the treatment

A

Factor we manipulate in the study. The experimental unit is the object you apply the manipulation to

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9
Q

What is proximate hypothesis

A

Cause of immediate changes in phenotype/ interactions

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10
Q

What is ultimate hypothesis

A

Fitness cost/ benefit of response

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11
Q

Plants at extremes

A

Increased competition- competitor- fast growth, early mature, low investment of seeds
Increased stress-stress tolerator- slow growth, late maturity, low investment of seeds
Increased disturbance- ruderal- fast growth, early maturity, high seed investment

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12
Q

Principle of allocation

A

When resources are devoted to one structure/ function/ behaviour they can’t be allotted to another eg more offspring= less parental care= lower survival of offspring

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13
Q

Semelparity

A

Produces once

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14
Q

Iteroparity

A

Produce multiple times

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15
Q

Determinate growth and indeterminate growth

A

Determinate- stops growing when reproducing

Indeterminate- carry on growing when reproducing

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16
Q

Senescence

A

Deterioration with age. Decreased fecundity. Increased mortality rate

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17
Q

Dilution effect

A

Reduced probability of predation of individual when in a group

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18
Q

Direct fitness

A

Individual gains by passing on genes

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19
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Individual gains by helping relatives pass on genes

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20
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Direct+ indirect fitness

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21
Q

Direct selection

A

Selection favours direct fitness

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22
Q

Indirect/ kin selection

A

Favours indirect fitness

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23
Q

Coefficient of relatedness

A

Numerical probability of related individual carrying same genes eg 0.5 with mum (50%)

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24
Q

Eusocial animal characteristics

A

Several adults in group
Overlapping parents and offspring in same group
Cooperation in nest building and brood care
Reproductive dominance by 1 or a few individuals, some sterile
Eg naked mole rat, bees, ants, wasps

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25
Caste
Individuals with specialised form and behaviour
26
Bees
Sons=unfertilised, haploid, drone | Daughters=fertilised, diploid, worker (sterile) or queen (fertile)
27
Fundamental niche
Abiotic conditions a species can persist under
28
Realised niche
Abiotic and biotic conditions the population live in
29
Ecological envelope
Range of conditions predicted to be suitable for a species
30
Dispersion
Spacing between individuals | Clustered, evenly spaced, random
31
Dispersal
Movement of an individual from one area to another NOT MIGRATION some of the population is left behind it is not a mass movement of animals
32
Census and survey
Census- every individual | Survey- subset of population
33
Lifetime dispersal
Movements made from birth do reproduction NOT DEATH
34
Habitat corridors
Strip of favourable land between 2 large patches that facilitate dispersal
35
Ideal free distribution
Individuals distribute between different habitats so all get equal per capita (individual) benefits
36
Basic meta population
Patched of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable matrix. All suitable habitat of equal quality
37
Sorce-sink meta populations
Not all suitable habitat is equal quality Sorce- the dispersers, high quality patches Sink- rely on outside dispersers to maintain the sub population, low quality patches
38
Demography
Study of populations
39
Intrinsic and exponential growth
Intrinsic is highest possible per capita growth rate | Exponential is a model where the population increases continuously
40
Negative density dependence (population regulate by negative and positive density dependence)
Decreased population and Increased density (eg the plants get fewer but the ones there get much bigger)
41
Positive density dependence
Growth and density increase (inverse density dependence/ Allee effect occurs when density is low and harder to find a mate, inbreeding can occur)
42
What is carrying capacity (k)
Maximum population size that can be supported by the environment
43
Survivorship
Type1 low mortality early on, high mortality later in life eg whale Type2 constant mortality through life eg squirrel Type3 high mortality early on, low mortality later in life eg weeds
44
What is generation time
Time between birth and that animal giving birth to its young
45
Cohort life table
Used for sessile animals and follows them from birth do death, where as static life tables show survival and fecundity of individuals at a single time interval, this is use on mobile organisms and animals with long life
46
Population fluctuations can be due to ....
Available resources, predication, competition, disease, parasites,
47
Stable limit cycle.....
Pattern of growth where population continues to show large oscillations over time (rt >1.57) Where as damped oscillations show the magnitude of oscillations decreasing over time
48
Stochasticity ......
Incorporated random variation in population | Demographic stochasticity- variations are due to environment
49
Rescue effect....
Dispersers supplement a declining population to prevent extinction. Smaller patches of fragmented land more likely to to extinct
50
Competitive exclusion principle
1934 gause studied paramecium and didinium, no refuge both extinct. Refuge 1 live and other die. Refuge and migration both stable populations "2 species can not live coexist on one limiting resource" Pray depends on refuge Co existence depends on immigration
51
What is ecology
The study of abundance and distribution of organisms in relation to other organisms and the environmental conditions
52
Lotka-volterra model problems
Doesn't incorporate time delay Density dependence Or realistic foraging behaviour
53
Numerical response
Numerical response: a change in the number of predators through population growth or population movement due to immigration or emigration
54
The ‘life-dinner’ principle
– selection pressure is greater for prey as prey lose their life, whereas the predator loses a dinner
55
Arms race....
An adaptation in one lineage (e.g. predators) may change the selection pressure on another lineage (e.g. prey), giving rise to a counter-adaptation. If this occurs reciprocally, an unstable runaway escalation or 'arms race' may result.
56
Warning colours...
Aposematism
57
Batesian mimicry ....
Palatable species mimicking non palatable species colours
58
Müllerian mimicry
Several unpalatable species evolved similar patterns
59
Why is the world green?
Herbivores have self regulation mechanisms Preditor sand disease keep herbivore numbers low (top down) Plants agents all edible (bottom up)
60
Parasite transmission
Horizontal- between individuals NOT MOTHER AND CHILD | vertical- between mother and offspring
61
Reservoir species
- carry parasite but not affected
62
Infectious resistance
Prevents infection occurring
63
Infectious tolerance
Minimal harm from infection
64
Obligate mutualism
Provide fitness to each other. Require each other to persist. Where as facultative benefit each other but do not have to have each other to persist
65
Law of the minimum
Population increases until supply of most limiting resource prevents increase further
66
Competitive exclusion
Two species can not co exist when both are limited by same resource
67
Competition co efficient
An environment has a carrying capacity of 100 rabbits (species 1). The food needed to support 100 rabbits would also support 200 squirrels (species 2). α would be 0.5 because one squirrel is equivalent to 0.5 rabbits; β would be 2 because one rabbit is equivalent to two squirrels.
68
Exploitative competition
Individuals consume a resource to a point others can not persist at, (indirect competition)
69
Interference competition
Defend a resource against others Eg allelopathy competition via producing chemical defence Or aggressive interaction such as ant covering another and hole in so they can't get the food
70
Apparent competition
Two species having a negative effect on each other through a predator

Zoology (9 decks)

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