revision 2022 Flashcards by Ella Nevasalo

In the syllabus Studying Cultures a study of trust among managers in Sino-German joint ventures by Muethel and Hoegl (2012) is discussed.
According to this study:
A For the Germans openness (delivering information in a forthcoming manner) was an important antecedent of trust.
B For the Chinese subordinating one’s individual interests to the group’s interests was an important antecedent of trust.
C For both the Germans and the Chinese dependability (fulfilling agreements in the absence of control) was an important antecedent of trust.
D All of the above is correct.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is not an important value fostered by Confucianism?
A Harmony
B Equality of all human beings
C Respect for tradition
D Working hard

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In-group, out-group dynamics lead to:
A A strong sense of individual identity
B Cultural adaptation
C Cultural differentiation
D Opportunism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions data are an example of measuring institutions:
A By means of a ranking on a dimension
B By means of a typology
C By means of an emic comparison
D By means of a ratio scale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Scott’s characterization of institutionalist theory, if the basis of compliance is “taken-for-grantedness”, we speak of what type of institutions?
A Normative institutions
B Compartmentalized institutions
C Cultural-cognitive institutions
D Regulative institutions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are main strengths of Hofstede’s research?
A It uses of representative samples and repeated surveys
B It combines etic and emic methods
C Both (a) and (b) are correct
D Neither (a) nor (b) is correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A key characteristic of a hermeneutical approach to cross-cultural study is:
A The use of carefully matched samples
B Trying to understand the other through introspection
C Analytical deduction of hypotheses
D None of the above is true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ethnographic studies tend to prefer observations over other methods of study, because:
A Interviewing requires language capabilities that are often absent
B The samples tend to be too small for surveys
C Observations allow to study “natural behaviors”
D None of the above is correc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In organization theory, a “contingency” is defined as:
A A constant factor applying to all organizations
B A condition originating from the environment of an organization
C A condition arising from the culture in which an organization operates. A condition that may or may not apply to a specific
organization
D A condition that may or may not apply to a specific organization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A group’s culture can be seen as “adaptive”, if:
A It allows the group to distinguish itself from other groups
B It encourages members to adapt to changing circumstances
C It adapts beliefs and values to those of other cultures
D It supports survival of the group in a given environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In “minimal group” experiments, most of the subjects show a tendency towards:
A Maximization of the outcomes for the own group
B Maximization of the differences between group outcomes
C Maximization of the fairness of outcomes
D Minimization of the outcomes for the other group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hat basis of authority identified by Philippe d’Iribarne in the French production plant was seen as low in legitimacy by the subordinates?
A Formal position
B Knowledge
C Status
D Relationships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who is not an “etic” researcher?
A d’Iribarne
B Beugelsdijk
C Inglehart
D Hofstede

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Inglehart, “postmodernization” involves a culture shift from:
A Traditional authority to rational-secular authority
B Survival values to well-being values
C Religious values to self-expression values
D All of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the below is a very important aspect of cross-cultural differences according to Inglehart?
A Gender equalitarianism
B Intellectual autonomy
C Both (a) and (b)
D Neither (a) nor (b)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The emic cultural concept of ubuntu refers to:
A Paternalism
B Interdependence and harmony in human relations
C A feeling of social obligation
D Balance between polarities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the characteristics mentioned below is not representative for “postmodernism”?
A Material possessions are not seen as important
B A shift from an emphasis on self-expression values to survival values
C Declined importance of traditional sources of authority
D (a) and (b) and (c)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is a factor impeding further globalization?
A Mass media
B Increasing adoption of democratic government
C Greater specialization of economies
D Companies on average realizing lower profits in foreign countries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The emic Japanese concept of “Wa” refers to:
A A sense of social obligation
B The capacity to endure the unendurable
C The need to maintain harmony
D The desire to be indulged as a dependent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Speaking about culture, the “importance of marginal phenomena” refers to the idea that:
A Marginalized groups play an increasingly important role in cultures
B Small differences in mean value orientations can be associated with large differences in the occurrence of extreme behaviors
C Rare phenomena are not representative for a particular culture
D In cultures there is a tendency of regression to the mean

Cultural stereotypes can usefully be distinguished on the basis of the dimensions:
A Sympathy and empathy
B Power distance and individualism-collectivism
C In-group and out-group
D None of the above is correct

Please look at the two statements below:
I According to institutionalist theory organizations may yield to institutional pressures because they are forced to do so
II According to institutionalist theory organizations will yield to institutional pressures only if this is in their own interest.
A Only statement I is correct
B Only statement II is correct
C Statement I and statement II are both correct
D Neither statement I nor statement II is correct

What are main strengths of Inglehart’s World Values Survey?
A It uses of representative samples and repeated surveys
B It covers a large number of countries and can be linked to economic and political development
C Both (a) and (b) are correct
D Neither (a) nor (b) is correct

Which of the factors below is not a driver of modernization?
A Flexibilization of employment
B Industrialization
C Division of church and state
D Entry of more women into the labor force

Interview quotes like “that’s what they are paid for”, and “that’s what I pay them for” are according to d’Iribarne (La Logique de l’Honneur) typical for: A The American cultural logic B The Japanese cultural logic C The French cultural logic D The Dutch cultural logic

Which of the scenarios below does globalization theory acknowledge as a possible future development? A Economies in different countries become more alike B Economies in different countries become more specialized, hence different C (a) as well as (b) is correct D Neither (a) nor (b) is correct

Historically, scarcity of industrial labor is associated with what element of the Japanese HRM system? A Voluntary retirement B Non-regular workers C Career employment D All of the above

In the reading Studying Cultures the “ideational approach” to cultures is described. According to the ideational approach: A Culture is the collective programming of the mind B Culture is a product of natural selection processes C Culture consists of ideas responding to other ideas D Culture is a response of a group to the conditions of the environmen

In cross-cultural research the need for “equivalence” refers to: A Ensuring that questionnaires contain relevant emic concepts B Ensuring that members from different cultures are treated equally C Ensuring that questionnaires are literally translated from one language to the other D Ensuring that questionnaire items have the same meaning in different cultures

Which one in the following list is not listed as a root of economic development and origins of income growth across globe? A Proximate factors B Language barriers C Role of formal institutions D Accumulation of human capital

Trust is one of the ……………. values that could explain ……………….. development. A Personal – economic B Economic – personal C Cultural – economic D Explicit – personal

In the trust game of Berg et.al. (1995), what is the root cause of cooperation in a repetitive game? A Influence B Perception C Reputation D conflict

Which of the following is not a type of transmission of values to a child? A Vertical B Horizontal C Oblique D Diagona

The trust game of Berg et.al. (1995), is an example of …………………. A Field experiment B Lab experiment C Survey D Interview

In the trust game of Berg et.al. (1995), …………… is measured by the amount sent initially by the sender, whereas …………………… is measured by the amount sent back by the second player. A Trustworthiness – trust B Trust – trustworthiness C Reciprocity – altruism D Altruism – reciprocity

Which of the following is not a factor on explaining the persistence and/or evolution of trust? A Climate B The weight of the history C Inherited trust D Genetics

Which of the following is not an example of the causal effect of history on trust? A Slave labor in the Americas B Long-run impact of wars C Corrupt governance mechanisms in the past D Country of origin of immigrants

A When education increases, growth increases only in the absence of country fixed effects B When trust increases, education increases as well C No matter which sample is used, trust is positively and significantly associated with a higher regional per capita income across regions D The within country variation in trust and income per capita is much more substantial than the cross-country heterogeneity

Which of the following is not one of the channels of influence of trust on economic outcomes? A Financial markets B Insurance markets C History D Public regulations

Which of the following is not an instrument in shaping trust in a society? A Institutions B Community characteristics C Education D Population

A When trust increases, quality of legal system increases as well B When quality of legal system increases, trust increases as well C When population increases, quality of legal system decreases D When population increases, trust decreases

Which of the following is not a feature of the Anglo-American corporate governance system? A Short-term equity finance B Dispersed ownership C Rigid labor markets D Strong shareholder rights

Which of the following is not a disciplinary perspective that is used in approaching Corporate Governance? A Economics B Sociology C History D Political Science

…………………….. is the study of power and influence over decision making within the corporation. A Corporate governance B Corporate culture C Corporate social responsibility D Corporate control

Which of the following is not a mechanism to minimize agency problems in corporate governance? A Managerial control B Blockholder control C Shareholder control D Supervisory control

Cultural dimensions of …………………… and …………………..… are significantly linked to the magnitude of discretion that managers exercise in reporting accounting earnings across countries, contingent on legal characteristics such as the strength of investor protection. A Collectivism – individualism B Power distance – masculinity C Uncertainty avoidance – individualism D Uncertainty avoidance – power distance

Senior German executives prefer a ………………. tempered by social-security systems, while the Japanese express a preference for a ………………………….with a state role providing general direction. A Market economy – collaboratively developed society B Centralized economy – central governance C Collaborative society – market economy D Planned economy – market economy

Which of the following is not one of the mechanisms through which property rights can shape the capital by establishing rights that favor different types of shareholders? A Veto rights B Voting caps C Board meetings D Mandatory information disclosure

In the discussion of the effects of legal system on corporate governance practices, it is asserted that common-law grants …………………. minority shareholders rights which ………………… dispersed ownership through developed and deep financial markets, while civil law being just the other way around. A Stronger– encourages B Weaker – encourages C Weaker – discourages D Stronger – discourages