revision Flashcards
What is the treatment for malaria?
For plasmodium falciparum malaria, must give primaquine to kill gametocytes and hypnozoites. Prevents transmission. Artemisinin-based combination therapies possible too but is too expensive.
For plasmodium vivax, give chloroquine and primaquine. Primaquine targets dormant form of parasites.
Primaquine is contraindicated in which group of patients?
contraindicated in patients with G6PD deficiency and pregnant women
What is the treatment for severe malaria?
Artesunate and quinine
purulent vagina discharge is caused by what bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoea, chlamydia
thick and white vagina discharge, what organism
e.g. cottage cheese
candidia
frothy, green yellow vaginal discharge, what organism?
trichomonas vaginalis
watery and grey vaginal discharge, what is it?
bacterial vaginosis, often caused by Gardnerella
genital ulcers, caused by what? differentials?
syphilis by treponema palladium causes painless chancres
chlamydia causes small painless ulcers
klebsiella causes painless granuloma inguinal
UTI community acquired most common bacteria?
opportunistic one?
nosocomial ones?
- E.coli
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus in young sexually active women
opportunistic: pseudomonas aeruginosa
nosocomial: enterococcus like proteus and klebsiella pneumoniae
for salmonella species, which one causes gastroenteritis and which one causes diarrhoea?
Salmonella typhi causes enteric fever (typhoid fever) and gastroenteritis but no diarrhoea
BUT salmonella enteritidis causes food poisoning leading to inflammatory diarrhoea.
There could be invasive infections too like osteomyelitis in sickle cell patientsand meningitis in neonates
what are the organisms that can cause neonatal meningitis and what is the treatment?
HLES
- haemophilus influenzae, listeria monocytogenes, E.coli and streptococcus agalactiae
antibiotics: ampicillin (for GBS and listeria) and Ceftriaxone for (E.coli)
for adults u need to add vancomycin to counter the MDR s.pneumoniae
examples of hospital acquired pnenumonia
treatment?
pseudomonas aeruginosa, E coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter baumannii, MRSA, legionella, viridans streptococcim S.epidermism C.diphtheriae
for gp, gn and atypical: 3rd gen fluoroquinolone like moxifloxacin and levofloxacin
for s.pneumoniae and h.influenzae: ceftiraxone
linezolid and vancomycin for MRSA
simple UTI is by E.coli
treatment?
co-trimoxazole
co-amoxiclav
causative organisms of food poisoning?
E.coli (EHEC, ETEC, EPEC)
campylobacter jejuni
shigella
salmonella
clostridium perfringens/botulinum
staphylococcal
entamoeba histolytica, trematodiasis, giardiasis in developing countries
Neisseria gonorrhoea treatment
Ceftriaxone
azithromycin
treatment for syphilis caused by treponema pallidum
IM penicillin G
treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovecii
co-trimoxazole
which bacteria causes ophthalmia neonatorum
N.gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachoma’s
which antibiotics can counter MRSA
linezolid, vancomycin, clindamycin, Tigecycline, 5th gen cephalosporin like ceftabiprole and ceftaroline
what is metronidazole used for
amoebic infections by protozoa, anaerobes like bactericides species and clostridium difficile (CDAD)
helicobacter pylori
giardia
trichomonas vaginalis
Pneumocystis Jirovecii causes what organ infections in what group of people?
common in which specific gap?
Diagnosis?
lung infection in immunocompromised people, common in AIDS patients
Diagnosis is NAT-PCR, more sensitive. Microscopy; silver or fluorescent stains. more subjective
Grocott’s silver stain (black)/ immunofluorescence. Cannot use sputum sample and cannot culture.
Chest X-ray will see ground glass
define shock
shock is a state of inadequate perfusion of cells and tissues leading to hypoxic tissue injury and if prolonged enough can lead to irreversible cell and organ injury and death
what are the 4 types of shock?
distributive shock- generalised vasodilatation, septic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock
cariogenic shock- pump failure
obstructive shock- pulmonary embolus and pericardial temponade
hypovolemic shock- consist of harmorrhagic shock, severe burns, vomiting, diarrhoea
Which drug is used to treat open angle glaucoma
what about narrow angle glaucoma?
brimonidine (alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist)
timolol and betaxolol
which drug is used to treat congestive heart failure
dobutamine
which drug is used to treat overactive bladder
mirabegron relaxes detrusor muscle around bladder, bladder can hold more liquid and reduces the need to pee. When detrusor muscle contracts the bladder become smaller and push liquid out.
recall detrusor muscle is the muscle found around the bladder not the ring that is the sphincter muscle
Type A ADR of aspirin
a. diarrhoea
b. rashes
c. gastric ulcer
gastric ulcer. Recall aspirin is a irreversible cox 2 inhibitor and
Which is false about genital HSV?
a. Can be isolated in cell culture from vesicle fluid
b. PCR assays for detection are very sensitive
c. IgG antibodies are present
d. Tzank multinucleated giant cells are present
e. Immunofluorescent antigen detection is used
E.
yes u can use vesicle fluid, PCR and serology for anti-HSV lgM. lgG is already present. Thank multinucleate giant cells are present in HSV2!!!!
Tzank Multinucleated giant cells can be found in which HSV virus?
HSV II
