breast and gynae Flashcards
we use the following biomarkers for breast cancer except
A. ER
B. PR
C. HER2
D. EGFR
EGFR
recall the 3 biomarkers are
ER
PR
CerbB2 aka HER2
which of the following tumours is fibroepithelial tumour?
A. phyllodes tumour
B. sclerosing adenosis
C. intraductal papilloma
D. invasive ductal carcinoma
A. phyllodes
In which of the following tumours is E-cadherin mutations lost?
A. lobular breast carcinoma
B. phyllodes tumour
C. fibroadenoma
D. invasive ductal carcinoma
A. lobular breast carcinoma
Paget disease reach the skin via
A. blood vessels
B. lactiferous ducts
C. lymphatics
D. local invasion
B. lactiferous ducts.
Paget disease is special because it leads to carcinoma without breaching basement membrane. Instead it creeps along the lactiferous ducts while proliferating along the epithelial surface, ‘replacing’ the epidermis along the skin
A man develops bilateral breast enlargement. what underlying disease is the most likely?
A. congestive heart failure
B. liver cirrhosis
C. renal failure
D. hypothyroidism
skip this coz we dk too…
expression of which of the following will mean better response to therapy?
A. p53
B. estrogen receptor
C. E-cadherin
D. BCRA
B. Estrogen receptor
Which of the following organisms is most likely in a breast abscess?
A. streptococcus
B. candida
C. E.coli
D. Staph aureus
D. staph aureus
Early menarche and late menopause are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. True or false?
TRUE.
A women was punched in the breast. Subsequently, she develops a breast lump. What is the most likely?
A. breast abscess
B. breast carcinoma in situ
C. invasive breast carcinoma
D. fat necrosis
D. fat necrosis hence breast lump
remember breast is mostly made of fat.
what structure has yet to be invaded in ductal carcinoma in situ?
A. skin
B. blood vessel
C. basement membrane
D. lymphatic
C. basement membrane
inflammatory carcinoma typically has a good prognosis. True or false?
False. bad prognosis!
Pagets disease of the nipple comes from underlying
A. lymphatic involvement
B. DCIS
C. invasive carcinoma
D. high stage cancer
B. DCIS
DCIS increases the risk of invasive carcinoma by about 10 times. True or false?
True.
which of the following ovarian tumour is of epithelial origin?
A. choriocarcinoma
B. sex cord stromal tumour
C. serous carcinoma
D. teratoma
C. serous carcinoma
In which phase do you see endometrial gland with vacuoles?
A. anovulatory
B. proliferative
C. menstruation
D. secretory
D. secretory
Which of the following ovarian tumours has a raised AFP level?
A. choriocarcinoma
B. thecoma
C. sertoli leydig cell tumour
D. yolk sac tumour
D. yolk sac tumour
which needs to be invaded for CIN to be considered as carcinoma?
A. tumour capsule
B. blood vessel
C. nerve
D. basement membrane
D. basement membrane
In adenomyosis, which of the following structure accompanies the glands to support a benign diagnosis?
A. blood vessels
B. nerves
C. smooth muscle
D. stroma
D. stroma
just try to associate glands with stroma
thickened endometrium in women taking oestrogen supplements to help cope with menopause represents
A. hyperplasia
B. hypertrophy
C. neoplasia
D. metaplasia
A. hyperplasia
endometrium proliferates mah.. so increase no. of cells hence hyperplasia
The associations of endometrial adenocarcinomas are
A. increased physical activity
B. multiple sexual partner
C. late menarche
D. obesity and diabetes mellitus
D. diabetes mellitus
surprise mtf
Consequences of leiomyoma include the following except
A. menorrhagia
B. acute urinary retention
C. constipation
D. decidualised endometrium
D. decidualised endometrium
an example of leiomyoma is uterine myoma/ fibroids which are non cancerous growths developing in or around uterus. Since fibroids are connected to uterine lining, the pressure of the fibroids against uterine wall can cause the endometrial tissue to bleed more than it normally would hence menorrhagia
leiomyoma- on serosal surface, not related to desidual
compress bladder hence urinary retention, compress intestine hence constipation
THIS ONE MUST KNOW OK
struma ovarii is a special type of teratoma that contains
A. immature tissue
B. struma
C. thyroid tissue
D. ovaries
struma ovarii is damn special coz it contains thyroid tissues aka thyroid follicles
hence ans is C
Meig’s syndrome comprises the following except?
A. pleural effusion
B. ascites
C. fibroma
D. lung nodules
D. lung nodules
recall Meig’s syndrome consists of 3 of them!
- pleural effusion
- ascites
- fibroma
which of the following term means implantation of the placenta near the os?
A. placenta praevia
B. abruptio placentae
C. placenta accreta
D. placenta precreta
A. placenta praevia
For placenta abnormalities
- placenta previa (P for placing wrong side- abnormal localisation of placenta implantation site)
- abruptio placentae (Abruptio for sudden rupture- rupture of placenta leading to hemorrhage)
- placenta accreta (A for adhesions- abnormal adhesions of normally placed placenta to uterine wall due to absence of decidual plate between villi and myometrium
within placenta accreta there is also 2 other examples
* placenta percreta which refers to abnorma adhesions beyond the serosa
*placenta increta which refers to abnromal adhesions into/within the myometrium
