breast and gynae

Question 1

we use the following biomarkers for breast cancer except
A. ER
B. PR
C. HER2
D. EGFR

Answer 1

EGFR

recall the 3 biomarkers are
ER
PR
CerbB2 aka HER2

Question 2

which of the following tumours is fibroepithelial tumour?
A. phyllodes tumour
B. sclerosing adenosis
C. intraductal papilloma
D. invasive ductal carcinoma

Answer 2

A. phyllodes

Question 3

In which of the following tumours is E-cadherin mutations lost?
A. lobular breast carcinoma
B. phyllodes tumour
C. fibroadenoma
D. invasive ductal carcinoma

Answer 3

A. lobular breast carcinoma

Question 4

Paget disease reach the skin via
A. blood vessels
B. lactiferous ducts
C. lymphatics
D. local invasion

Answer 4

B. lactiferous ducts.

Paget disease is special because it leads to carcinoma without breaching basement membrane. Instead it creeps along the lactiferous ducts while proliferating along the epithelial surface, ‘replacing’ the epidermis along the skin

Question 5

A man develops bilateral breast enlargement. what underlying disease is the most likely?

A. congestive heart failure
B. liver cirrhosis
C. renal failure
D. hypothyroidism

Answer 5

skip this coz we dk too…

Question 6

expression of which of the following will mean better response to therapy?
A. p53
B. estrogen receptor
C. E-cadherin
D. BCRA

Answer 6

B. Estrogen receptor

Question 7

Which of the following organisms is most likely in a breast abscess?
A. streptococcus
B. candida
C. E.coli
D. Staph aureus

Answer 7

D. staph aureus

Question 8

Early menarche and late menopause are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. True or false?

Answer 8

TRUE.

Question 9

A women was punched in the breast. Subsequently, she develops a breast lump. What is the most likely?
A. breast abscess
B. breast carcinoma in situ
C. invasive breast carcinoma
D. fat necrosis

Answer 9

D. fat necrosis hence breast lump

remember breast is mostly made of fat.

Question 10

what structure has yet to be invaded in ductal carcinoma in situ?
A. skin
B. blood vessel
C. basement membrane
D. lymphatic

Answer 10

C. basement membrane

Question 11

inflammatory carcinoma typically has a good prognosis. True or false?

Answer 11

False. bad prognosis!

Question 12

Pagets disease of the nipple comes from underlying
A. lymphatic involvement
B. DCIS
C. invasive carcinoma
D. high stage cancer

Answer 12

B. DCIS

Question 13

DCIS increases the risk of invasive carcinoma by about 10 times. True or false?

Answer 13

True.

Question 14

which of the following ovarian tumour is of epithelial origin?
A. choriocarcinoma
B. sex cord stromal tumour
C. serous carcinoma
D. teratoma

Answer 14

C. serous carcinoma

Question 15

In which phase do you see endometrial gland with vacuoles?
A. anovulatory
B. proliferative
C. menstruation
D. secretory

Answer 15

D. secretory

Question 16

Which of the following ovarian tumours has a raised AFP level?
A. choriocarcinoma
B. thecoma
C. sertoli leydig cell tumour
D. yolk sac tumour

Answer 16

D. yolk sac tumour

Question 17

which needs to be invaded for CIN to be considered as carcinoma?
A. tumour capsule
B. blood vessel
C. nerve
D. basement membrane

Answer 17

D. basement membrane

Question 18

In adenomyosis, which of the following structure accompanies the glands to support a benign diagnosis?
A. blood vessels
B. nerves
C. smooth muscle
D. stroma

Answer 18

D. stroma

just try to associate glands with stroma

Question 19

thickened endometrium in women taking oestrogen supplements to help cope with menopause represents

A. hyperplasia
B. hypertrophy
C. neoplasia
D. metaplasia

Answer 19

A. hyperplasia

endometrium proliferates mah.. so increase no. of cells hence hyperplasia

Question 20

The associations of endometrial adenocarcinomas are
A. increased physical activity
B. multiple sexual partner
C. late menarche
D. obesity and diabetes mellitus

Answer 20

D. diabetes mellitus

surprise mtf

Question 21

Consequences of leiomyoma include the following except
A. menorrhagia
B. acute urinary retention
C. constipation
D. decidualised endometrium

Answer 21

D. decidualised endometrium

an example of leiomyoma is uterine myoma/ fibroids which are non cancerous growths developing in or around uterus. Since fibroids are connected to uterine lining, the pressure of the fibroids against uterine wall can cause the endometrial tissue to bleed more than it normally would hence menorrhagia

leiomyoma- on serosal surface, not related to desidual

compress bladder hence urinary retention, compress intestine hence constipation

Question 22

THIS ONE MUST KNOW OK

struma ovarii is a special type of teratoma that contains
A. immature tissue
B. struma
C. thyroid tissue
D. ovaries

Answer 22

struma ovarii is damn special coz it contains thyroid tissues aka thyroid follicles

hence ans is C

Question 23

Meig’s syndrome comprises the following except?

A. pleural effusion
B. ascites
C. fibroma
D. lung nodules

Answer 23

D. lung nodules

recall Meig’s syndrome consists of 3 of them!
- pleural effusion
- ascites
- fibroma

Question 24

which of the following term means implantation of the placenta near the os?
A. placenta praevia
B. abruptio placentae
C. placenta accreta
D. placenta precreta

Answer 24

A. placenta praevia

For placenta abnormalities
- placenta previa (P for placing wrong side- abnormal localisation of placenta implantation site)

• abruptio placentae (Abruptio for sudden rupture- rupture of placenta leading to hemorrhage)
• placenta accreta (A for adhesions- abnormal adhesions of normally placed placenta to uterine wall due to absence of decidual plate between villi and myometrium

within placenta accreta there is also 2 other examples
* placenta percreta which refers to abnorma adhesions beyond the serosa

*placenta increta which refers to abnromal adhesions into/within the myometrium