Revision Flashcards
Name the 6 Steps in the Chain of Infection
- Infectious Agent
- Reservoir (habitat, where the infection grows)
- Portal of Exit (how the infection travels)
- Mode of Transmission (the way in which it travels)
- Portal of Entry (the way the infection enters a new host)
- Host
What are the 7 Principles of Asepsis?
- Sterile objects remain sterile when touched by other sterile objects
- Only sterile objects are to be places within sterile field (2.5cm border)
- Items held below waist level = unsterile
- Sterile objects become contaminated via prolonged exposure to air
- Wicking = when sterile field comes into contact w/ a wet, contaminated surface
- Anything outside 2.5cm border = contaminated
- Fluid flows in direction of gravity
What are the 3 Dimensions?
- Culture
- Subculture
- Individual Culture
What are the 3 Aspects of ‘Culture’?
- Social norms, values and behaviours
- Laws
- Social Rules
What are the 4 Aspects of ‘Subculture’?
- Religion
- Social Class
- Special Needs
- Sexuality
What are the 4 Aspects of ‘Individual Culture’?
- Gender
- Age
- Education
- Experience
How many Stages of Pressure Injuries are there?
4
Describe the First Stage of Pressure Injuries
Persistent, non-blanchable redness
Itchy, firm, boggy, warmer or cooler to touch
Describe the Second Stage of Pressure Injuries
Partial thickness loss of dermis
Describe the Third Stage of Pressure Injuries
Full thickness skin loss
Subcutaneous fat may be visible, yellow slough
Describe the Fourth Stage of Pressure Injuries
Full thickness tissue loss
Exposed bone, tendon or muscle, yellow slough or black necrotic tissue
Define “Dehiscence”
Partial or total separation of wound edges
Define “Evisceration”
The uncontrolled exteriorisation of body contents via dehisced wound
Define “Hypergranulation”
Excess tissue that fills wound bed more than required -> raised tissue mass
Define “Hypertrophic Scars”
Red, thick, raised scar
Define “Keloid Scars”
Shiny, raised scar
Define “Contractures”
Occurs when burn scar matures, thickens and tightens
Define “Haemorrhage”
Release of blood from broken blood vessel
Define “Haematoma”
Abnormal collection of blood outside blood vessel
Define “Fistula Formation”
When inflammation causes sores or ulcers to form on inside wall of intestines or nearby organs
Define “Wound Infection”
When germs grow within damaged skin of wound
What inference can be made when a patient needs a bowel alteration?
Future GIT problems
What are 6 Common Bowel Problems?
- Constipation
- Impaction
- Diarrhoea
- Incontinence
- Flatulence
- Haemorrhoids
Define “Constipation”
Decrease in frequency of bowel movements
Define “Impaction”
Results from unrelieved constipation
Define “ Diarrhoea”
Increase in no. of stools and passage of unformed faeces
Define “Incontinence”
Inability to control passage of faeces and gas to the anus
Define “Flatulence”
Accumulation of gas in the intestines causing the walls to stretch
Define “Haemorrhoids”
Dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum
What are the 5 Key Principles of Waste Management?
- Apt PPE
- Apt infection control practices
- Measuring/drainage containers
- Description of waste
- Documentation
Define “Hypoxia”
The absence of adequate oxygen in tissue
List 5 Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia
- Cyanosis
- Clubbing
- Disorientation
- Behavioural Changes
- Dizziness
What are the 12 Activities involved in the ADL model?
- Maintaining a safe environment
- Communication
- Breathing
- Eating and drinking
- Elimination
- Washing and dressing
- Thermoregulation
- Mobilisation
- Work and Play
- Expressing sexuality
- Sleeping
- Death and dying
What 5 things constitute a safe environment?
- Basic needs are met
- Physical hazards are reduced
- Transmission of pathogens is reduced
- Sanitation is maintained
- Pollution is controlled
What 4 things assist in effective communication with a patient?
- Showing compassion
- Building a rapport
- Reacting appropriately
- Correct body language
