EOT Exam Prep Flashcards
Define Healthcare-Associated Infection.
An infection occurring in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or healthcare facility
What are the 6 Stages within the Chain of Infection?
- Infectious Agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Mode of Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Host
List 3 Risk Factors for Infection.
- Decreased mobility
- Suppressed inflammatory response
- Decreased WBC
List the 4 Transmission Modes. And provide examples for all.
- Airbourne: Legionnaires’ Disease (Bacteria)
- Droplet: Common Cold (Virus)
- Contact (Direct/Indirect): Conjunctivitis
- Blood and other bodily fluids: Hep B
What are 4 Ways to express Respiratory Etiquette?
- Cover nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing
- Use tissues
- Dispose of tissues
- Use inner elbow
What are 5 types of PPE?
- Gloves
- Mask
- Goggles
- Gown
- Cytotoxic PPE
What are the Key Takeaways of ANTT?
Always decontaminate hands effectively
Never contaminate equipment of patients’ susceptible site
Touch non key parts of equipment
Take appropriate infection prevention and control precautions
Define Cultural Competence.
A concept that recognises that professional and legal responsibilities inherent in proving appropriate care to all patients
Define Cultural Safety.
Reflects effective nursing care of a person and/or family from another culture
What are questions you could be asking yourself pertaining to cultural inclusivity?
- When is touching appropriate?
- Is direct eye contact okay?
- What is the reason for a patient’s behaviour?
List 5 examples of ADLs.
- Eating
- Eliminating
- Personal hygiene
- Mobility
- Sleeping
What type of Oral Medication is fast acting? And which Oral Medication allows a slow release?
Sublingual and Buccal (respectively)
What are 4 things to consider when Administering Injections?
- Age
- Physical Build
- Pre-existing conditions
- Safest equipment
What are the 4 Processes of Wound Healing?
- Bleeding
- Inflammatory
- Proliferative
- Remodelling
What are 6 Complications of Wound Healing?
- Dehiscence: partial or total separation of wound edges
- Haemorrhage
- Evisceration: surgical incision opens and organs protrude
- Hypertrophic scars
- Keloid scars
- Contractures
List 5 Factors that could affect Wound Healing?
- Age
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Exudate
- Nutrition
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Intention?
Primary: Sutures
Secondary: Epithelial cells and scar tissue
What are the 4 different types of Pain? Pertaining to duration and underlying mechanism.
- Acute
- Chronic
- Nociceptive
- Neuropathic
What are Nociceptors?
Free nerve endings which have the capacity to distinguish between noxious and innocuous stimuli
What is Nociception?
The normal neural mechanism involved in the pain experience and involves four processes:
1. Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Perception
4. Modulation
Explain Transduction (pertaining to pain).
The trauma of noxious stimuli exposure causes the release of a number of neurotransmitters (prostaglandins, bradykinin, serotonin, substance P and histamine)
Explain Transmission (pertaining to pain).
*consists of 3 stages
1. transmission of the impulse along the nociceptor fibres to the level of spinal cord
2. the nociceptor fibres terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
3. the pain impulse is carried by a number of different ascending fibre tracts within the larger spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord
Explain Perception (pertaining to pain).
The person becomes consciously aware of the pain sensation
Explain Modulation (pertaining to pain).
The body’s ability to facilitate or inhibit pain impulses (afferent input)
The pathways involved in modulation are referred to as the descending pain system or efferent pathways
What is PQRST?
P = provoking factors
Q = quality of pain
R = radiation of pain
S = severity of pain
T = timing of pain
What is the FLACC Scale?
F = face
L = legs
A = activity
C = cry
C = consolability
List 4 Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Pain.
- Massage
- Cold and Heat
- Relaxation and Guided Imagery
- Distraction
List 3 Pharmacological Interventions for Pain.
- Opioids
- Non-Opioids
- Local/Regional Anaesthesia
Paracetamol is which type of analgesic?
Non-Opioid
What does Ibuprofen need to be taken with?
Food
What is a respiratory effect of Opioids?
Respiration Depression
Define Grief.
The assortment of reactions that occur as a result of the loss experience
Define Bereavement.
The objective state of having a experienced a loss
What are the 3 types of Palliative Care? And what do they entail?
- Generalised: care provided when there is no likelihood of cure for the disease or condition
- Specialised: care provided by a specialist palliative team to assist with treating complex symptoms and ethical issues.
- End of Life: care provided during the final stage of life.
List 3 physical changes that may occur at End of Life.
- Reduced food and fluid intake
- Incontinence
- LOC
List 3 emotional changes that may occur at End of Life.
- Withdrawal
- Visions
- Confusion
What are the 4 types of Loss? And what do they entail?
- Actual: loss of a loved thing or person
- Perceived: loss of dignity, modesty, prestige, esteem or confidence
- Maturational: loss felt from normal life transitions
- Situational: oss felt as a result of sudden, unpredicted events that have the capacity to unsettle or change normal life patterns
Define Polyuria.
Voiding large amounts of urine
Define Nocturia.
Urinating excessively at night
Define Haematuria.
Blood in urine
Define Dysuria.
Painful or difficulty urinating
Define Oliguria.
Diminished urinary output
List 3 Factors that influence urination.
- Medications
- Growth and development
- Fluid balance
List 3 Interventions for Urinary Elimination.
- Pelvic floor exercises
- IDC
- Suprapubic catheter
List 3 Factors the influence Bowel Elimination.
- Age
- Diet
- Fluid intake
What are the 4 main groups of factors that affect Ventilation?
- Physiological
- Developmental
- Behavioural
- Environmental
List 3 Physiological Factors that influence Ventilation.
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Chronic disease
List 3 Developmental Factors that influence Ventilation.
- Young children have small air passages
- Older peoples’ body systems decline over time
- Premature infants are at risk of surfactant deficiency
List 3 Behavioural Factors that influence Ventilation.
- Nutrition
- Exercise
- Smoking
List 2 Physiological Factors that influence Ventilation.
- Air pollution
- Pollutants
Define Cyanosis.
Blue discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes
Define Hypoventilation.
Alveolar ventilation that inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand
Define Orthopnoea.
Difficulty breathing lying down
Define Hypoxia.
Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
Define Hypercapnia.
Elevated levels of CO2 in the blood
Define Dyspnoea and Apnoea.
Difficulty breathing
Absence of breathing
List 5 Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia.
- Cyanosis
- Increased HR and BP
- Dizziness
- Clubbing
- Increased fatigue
List 3 Diagnostic Tests for Respiratory Function.
- Chest X-Ray
- Bronchoscopy
- Lung Scan
- Pulmonary Function Tests
- Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
List 3 Diagnostic Tests for Cardiac Function.
- ECG
- Stress Tests
- Angiography
Define Pneumothorax, Haemothorax and Empyema.
Collection of air in pleural space
Collection of blood and fluid in pleural space
Collection of infected fluid in pleural space
How many L of oxygen can flow through Nasal Cannulas?
1-4 L
24%-36% Oxygen
How many L of oxygen can flow through Simple Face Masks?
5-8 L
40%-50% Oxygen
How many L of oxygen can flow through Partial Rebreather Masks?
7-15 L
65%-80% Oxygen
When are Non-Rebreather Masks used?
Set to prevent collapse of reservoir
85%-100% Oxygen
When are Venturi Masks used?
As indicated on device
What are the 4 types of suctioning?
- Oropharyngeal
- Nasopharyngeal
- Orotracheal and Nasotracheal
- Tracheal suction
