Revisiom Flashcards
What functions do skin have??
Protection, vit D, temperature im thermoregulation and sensation
What are synapses called that relay info via electrical impulse rather than chemical
Gap junctions
What is myelin sheath made from in pns and cns
Pns schwann cells
Cns oligodendrocytes
What are spinal nerves made from
Collections of nerve cell axons
What type of drug is aspirin
Anti platelet drug helps with clotting by preventing thromboxane being made by inhibitjng enzyme cyclooxygenase
What is the co agulation phase?
Substances released from da,ages tissue leads to prothrombin activator. This converts prothrombin to thrombin by calcium present, this then converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin traps blood cells and platelets to form a clot and network of threads
Definition of blood pressure??
Force exerted by blood on inner walls of blood vessels
What is peripheral resistance
Resistance of blood flow which is mainly created by the diameter of blood vessels
What is the hpa axis??
Amygdala recognises fear and sends signals to hypothalamus who releases CRF to pituitary gland and adrenal medulla who releases adrnaline
Pit glad sends ACTH to adrenal cortex who releases cortisol
What are antihypertensives?
Meds that help to control high blood pressure
Can be beta blockers - adrenaline
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
What are the muscle cells in cardiac muscle
Cardiomyocytes
Y shaped, mononucleated, striated, calcium, mitochondria, gap junction
What is the digestive tract made up of
Digestive tract organs
Accessory organs
3 functions of saliva
Antibacterial affect as the enzyme lysozyme destroys bacteria
Washing away food which could be a source of bacteria
Acts as a buffer as it contains bicarbonate which neutralises acid preventing dental cavities
4 layers of GI tract
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
FUnctions of large intestine??
Absorption of water Bacteria produce vitamins Storage and eliminating faeces Bacteria digest polysaccharides Appanedix has some immune function
What are the functioms of the liver
Stores iron glycogen and fat soluble vitamins adek
Makes cholesterol, bile, clotting factors and plasma proteins
Has kupffer cells which DESTROY ANY BACTERIA
Transform and eliminate drugs
Breakdown r b c and amino acids
Strucre of the liver
Liver lobules
Central vein in middle with hepatocytes coming out, with sinusoids containing blood vessels Inbetween, with kupffer cells.
Stellate cells involved with fibrosis and formation of scar tissue
Bile dict, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
How is bile activated and whats its composition
Made from water, mucus, cholesterol, bile salts and pigments, mineral salts
Fatty acids in duodenum stimulate endocrine cells to produce hormone CCK cholecystokinin which stimulates gull bladder to release bile
What are bile pigments and salts
Salts act as a detergent to emulsify fat by increasing its surface area to make it easier for enzymes lipases to digest
made from cholesterol
Bile salts alwoplay a role in transporting and absorbing fat soluble vitamins
Bile pigments Is bilirubikm, as kupffer cells break down red blood cells into haem and globin groups
What is metabolism of a drug??
Transforming the drug mainly at liver so it is more water soluble and can be excreted
What is biotransformation
What is bioavailability
Transformation is conversion of molecules from one form to another within an organism during metabolism
Bioavailability is the amount that reaches systemic circulation
What are the double layered protective membrane in lungs called
Pleurae
Parietal pleara thorax
Visceral pleura around lungs
Theres pleural fluid in between reducing friction
What is external and internal respiration
Interal - tissue capillaries and tissue cells
External - blood and lung alveoli
What is the medullary rhythmicity area?
Dorsal respiratory group in medulla - organises chemoreceptor info
Ventral respiratory group - basic rhythm generator
Apneustic centre - helps regulate depth and breath of inspiration . Pons
Pneumotaxic - regulated medullary rhythmicity area and apneustic pons
How is respiration controlled
Chemoreceptors
Central in medulla respond to lower ph in csf and higher co2 level
Peripheral in aorta and carotid bodies recognise co2 and fall in o2
Both stimulare respiratory centre in medulla
In what 4 ways do drugs work
Inhibit or stimulate normal cell activities
Act as a substitute or missing chemical
Interfere with function of foreign cells
Examples of enzymes drugseffecting
Nsaids
Acetylcholinesterase- alzheimers
Examples of ion chanlnels and proteim channel acting drugs
Ion- calcium channel, sodium and potassiom. GABA
Proteins transport chanell - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
