Revisiom

Question 1

What functions do skin have??

Answer 1

Protection, vit D, temperature im thermoregulation and sensation

Question 2

What are synapses called that relay info via electrical impulse rather than chemical

Answer 2

Gap junctions

Question 3

What is myelin sheath made from in pns and cns

Answer 3

Pns schwann cells

Cns oligodendrocytes

Question 4

What are spinal nerves made from

Answer 4

Collections of nerve cell axons

Question 5

What type of drug is aspirin

Answer 5

Anti platelet drug helps with clotting by preventing thromboxane being made by inhibitjng enzyme cyclooxygenase

Question 6

What is the co agulation phase?

Answer 6

Substances released from da,ages tissue leads to prothrombin activator. This converts prothrombin to thrombin by calcium present, this then converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin traps blood cells and platelets to form a clot and network of threads

Question 7

Definition of blood pressure??

Answer 7

Force exerted by blood on inner walls of blood vessels

Question 8

What is peripheral resistance

Answer 8

Resistance of blood flow which is mainly created by the diameter of blood vessels

Question 9

What is the hpa axis??

Answer 9

Amygdala recognises fear and sends signals to hypothalamus who releases CRF to pituitary gland and adrenal medulla who releases adrnaline
Pit glad sends ACTH to adrenal cortex who releases cortisol

Question 10

What are antihypertensives?

Answer 10

Meds that help to control high blood pressure
Can be beta blockers - adrenaline
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors

Question 11

What are the muscle cells in cardiac muscle

Answer 11

Cardiomyocytes

Y shaped, mononucleated, striated, calcium, mitochondria, gap junction

Question 12

What is the digestive tract made up of

Answer 12

Digestive tract organs

Accessory organs

Question 13

3 functions of saliva

Answer 13

Antibacterial affect as the enzyme lysozyme destroys bacteria
Washing away food which could be a source of bacteria
Acts as a buffer as it contains bicarbonate which neutralises acid preventing dental cavities

Question 14

4 layers of GI tract

Answer 14

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

Question 15

FUnctions of large intestine??

Answer 15

Absorption of water
Bacteria produce vitamins
Storage and eliminating faeces
Bacteria digest polysaccharides 
Appanedix has some immune function

Question 16

What are the functioms of the liver

Answer 16

Stores iron glycogen and fat soluble vitamins adek
Makes cholesterol, bile, clotting factors and plasma proteins
Has kupffer cells which DESTROY ANY BACTERIA
Transform and eliminate drugs
Breakdown r b c and amino acids

Question 17

Strucre of the liver

Answer 17

Liver lobules
Central vein in middle with hepatocytes coming out, with sinusoids containing blood vessels Inbetween, with kupffer cells.

Stellate cells involved with fibrosis and formation of scar tissue
Bile dict, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

Question 18

How is bile activated and whats its composition

Answer 18

Made from water, mucus, cholesterol, bile salts and pigments, mineral salts

Fatty acids in duodenum stimulate endocrine cells to produce hormone CCK cholecystokinin which stimulates gull bladder to release bile

Question 19

What are bile pigments and salts

Answer 19

Salts act as a detergent to emulsify fat by increasing its surface area to make it easier for enzymes lipases to digest
made from cholesterol
Bile salts alwoplay a role in transporting and absorbing fat soluble vitamins

Bile pigments Is bilirubikm, as kupffer cells break down red blood cells into haem and globin groups

Question 20

What is metabolism of a drug??

Answer 20

Transforming the drug mainly at liver so it is more water soluble and can be excreted

Question 21

What is biotransformation

What is bioavailability

Answer 21

Transformation is conversion of molecules from one form to another within an organism during metabolism

Bioavailability is the amount that reaches systemic circulation

Question 22

What are the double layered protective membrane in lungs called

Answer 22

Pleurae
Parietal pleara thorax
Visceral pleura around lungs

Theres pleural fluid in between reducing friction

Question 23

What is external and internal respiration

Answer 23

Interal - tissue capillaries and tissue cells

External - blood and lung alveoli

Question 24

What is the medullary rhythmicity area?

Answer 24

Dorsal respiratory group in medulla - organises chemoreceptor info
Ventral respiratory group - basic rhythm generator

Apneustic centre - helps regulate depth and breath of inspiration . Pons
Pneumotaxic - regulated medullary rhythmicity area and apneustic pons

Question 25

How is respiration controlled

Answer 25

Chemoreceptors
Central in medulla respond to lower ph in csf and higher co2 level
Peripheral in aorta and carotid bodies recognise co2 and fall in o2

Both stimulare respiratory centre in medulla

Question 26

In what 4 ways do drugs work

Answer 26

Inhibit or stimulate normal cell activities
Act as a substitute or missing chemical
Interfere with function of foreign cells

Question 27

Examples of enzymes drugseffecting

Answer 27

Nsaids

Acetylcholinesterase- alzheimers

Question 28

Examples of ion chanlnels and proteim channel acting drugs

Answer 28

Ion- calcium channel, sodium and potassiom. GABA

Proteins transport chanell - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors