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UCSP MODULE 1-10 REVIEW > Reviewer for 1st Quarter > Flashcards

Reviewer for 1st Quarter Flashcards

Lord, ipinapaubaya ko po sa inyo ang pagpapala at paggabay para bukas. Amen.

1
Q

In Sociology, this concept is usually equated with social stratification.

A

Social differences

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2
Q

Symbols are the foundation of culture because they allow humans to communicate abstract
concepts, ideas, and values. These symbols don’t have inherent meanings; rather, their significance is agreed upon by a group of people.

A

Symbolic

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2
Q

_______ is a multidisciplinary course that integrates and combines the contents, methods, and theories of the following social sciences disciplines
Sociology, Political Science, Anthropology

A

Understanding Culture Society and Politics

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2
Q

The country is a democracy, led by a directly elected president who serves as both the head
of state and the head of government

A

The political identity of the Philippines

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2
Q
  • Describe and explain human biological diversity today.
  • Focuses on understanding the practices, beliefs, traditions, and social structures of different cultures around the world, both past and present.
A

the main goal of anthropology

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3
Q

Concerned with all humans, at all times, in all humanity’s dimensions—a study of the totality of human existence

A

Physical Anthropology

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4
Q

Culture has five _____ : It is learned, shared, based on symbols,
integrated, and dynamic

A

Characteristics of Culture

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5
Q

It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media.

A

Culture is learned.
(Characteristic of Culture)

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6
Q

The process of learning culture is known as

A

Enculturation

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6
Q

Because we share culture with other members of our group, we are able to act in socially appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act.

A

Culture is shared.
(Characteristic of Culture)

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7
Q

A symbol is something that stands for something else. Symbols vary cross-culturally and are arbitrary. They only have meaning when
people in a culture agree on their use. Language, money and art are all symbols. Language is the most important symbolic component of culture.

A

Culture is based on symbols.
(Characteristic of Culture)

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8
Q

The major elements of culture are ______, _____, _____, _____, and _____. Language makes effective social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects

A

symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts.

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9
Q

_________ the most important symbolic component of culture.

A

Language

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10
Q

This is known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly
understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few.

A

Culture is integrated.
(Characteristic of Culture)

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11
Q

This simply means that cultures interact and change. Because most cultures are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and
symbols. All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to
changing environments.

A

Culture is dynamic.
(Characteristic of Culture)

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12
Q

According to Macionis 2012, this approach sees society as “the product of the daily interactions of individuals. In this process, people attach meaning to everything.

A

Symbolic-interaction approach
(CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS)

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13
Q

Structural-functionalists view society as a
“complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability” (Macionis 2012: 12). It involves an analysis of social structure, “any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.

A

Structural-Functional Approach
(CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS)

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14
Q

Views/sees society as the “product of the everyday interactions of individuals”(Macionis 2012: 16)

A

Symbolic-Interaction Approach
(CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS)

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14
Q

The social-conflict approach sees society as an “arena of inequality that generates conflict and change” (Macionis 2012: 13). therefore highlights inequality and change.

A

Social-Conflict Approach
(CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS)

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14
Q

Culture refers to a person’s way of life. Culture is viewed as _________
according to Edward B. Tylor

A

“a complex whole (Complicated),”

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15
Q

In this aspect of culture, people express themselves in ways such as paintings, sculptures, architecture, dance, music, theater, and literature.

A

Arts

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16
Q

This societal norm is also known as customs; these are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Breaking this type of norm does not usually
have serious consequences.

A

Folkways

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17
Q

Wearing an inappropriate dress to a place of worship is considered unacceptable in almost all
cultures.

A

Taboos

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18
Q

A representation of the ways of living developed by society or group and passed on from generation to generation. It is created to inform and can be distinguished in the following:
* architectures like buildings, houses, and structures
* artifacts such as books, documents, objects, images, clothing, accessories,
and jars
* things that make people who they are, like oral stories, values, laws, norms,
rituals, and traditions

A

Cultural heritage

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19
Q

What remains after one’s time. Handed down from generation to another, ______ magnifies one’s life and living. It is said that ______ is what cultural heritage is.

A

Legacy

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20
Q

Objects that can be stored are included in this category, such as:
* traditional clothing
* utensils
* vehicles
* documents
* public works and architecture built and constructed by cultural group
(e.g. buildings, historical places, monuments, temples, graves, roads,
bridges)

A

Forms of Tangible Heritage

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20
Q

A ________ ________ is a physical artifact or object significant to the
archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specific culture. This
means that this type of heritage is perceptible, touchable or concrete.

A

Tangible Heritage

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21
Q

An __________ ________ is not a physical or concrete item. It exists intellectually in
the culture.

A

Intangible Heritage

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21
Q

Includes:
* Songs
* Myths
* Voices
* Values
* Traditions
* Oral history

A

Forms of Intangible Heritage

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22
Q

Established in 1945. The one of the functions of the organization is promoting cultural acceptance between nations while protecting historical sites, improving technology to aid in the distribution of resources and energy, and secure the safety of individual expression and basic human rights.

A

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization,
or UNESCO

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23
Q

The tendency to use one’s own cultural standards and values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people with different cultures. It is a cultural universal. That is, people everywhere think that familiar explanations,
opinions and customs are true, right, proper, and moral.

A

Ethnocentrism

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23
Q

The idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.

A

Cultural relativism

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24
Q

There were three metals recognized within the Age of Metals. Known metal in this period

A

Copper

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25
Q

Within the Neolithic period, the Cro-Magnon vanished and the new people who were considered modern men appeared the human achievements during this time

A

Domesticated plants and animals.

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26
Q

Very skilled hunters- distinguished from other hominid species

A

Homo sapiens
the first modern humans

26
Q

Group of people in the history of human social evolution have skills in hunting and slaughtering animals

A

Homo habilis

27
Q

First civilization in history arise In the earliest periods of human civilization, when humans first began to form societies

A

Mesopotamia

28
Q
  • Humans discovered agriculture and animal husbandry.
  • It is most famous for the Agricultural Revolution, where humans transitioned from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to farming and settled living. This period saw profound changes in social structures, technology, and the environment.
A

Life of the human species during the Neolithic period

29
Q

In a _________, the ultimate power rests with the people. Citizens are the source of all political authority, and the government exists to serve their will.

A

Democracy

30
Q

This is often expressed through regular , where the people choose their leaders and representatives

A

Elections

31
Q

In Sociology, this form of government is characterized by absolute or blind obedience to formal authority and it is against individual freedom. Form of government where people have no power or representation.

A

Authoritarianism

32
Q

Meant by social interaction and cultural transmission Shapes a person’s identity, beliefs, and social roles, and it plays a crucial role in transmitting
culture across generations.

A

Socialization

33
Q

Refers to culturally determined rules that people regarding what is right, wrong, proper, or improper

A

Norms and Values

33
Q

Are sociological concepts that refer to the different ways people acquire social positions within a society. These statuses play a significant role in shaping a person’s identity, social roles, and interactions.

A

Achieved status and ascribed status

33
Q

Refers to a social group sharing the same social territory, typically under the same political authority and dominant cultural beliefs territory

A

Society

34
Q

A social position that an individual earns or chooses based on personal effort, actions, skills, or accomplishments. It is not assigned at birth but is attained through an individual’s abilities and choices.

Examples:
o Occupation: Becoming a doctor, lawyer, or teacher.
o Education: Earning a college degree or gaining specialized knowledge.
o Accomplishments: Winning an award, rising to a leadership position, or excelling in sports or
arts.

A

Achieved status

35
Q

Key Characteristics:
* Based on merit, effort, or abilities.
* Can change over time based on personal achievements.
* Allows for social mobility (the ability to move between social classes or roles).

A

Achieved status

36
Q

Achieved status reflects an individual’s talents and hard work. It highlights the
idea that people can shape their social standing through their actions and decisions.

A

Importance of Achieved Status

37
Q

A social position that is assigned to an individual at birth or involuntarily
later in life, based on factors that the person has no control over, such as race, gender, ethnicity, or family background.

A

Ascribed status

37
Q

Examples:
o Gender: Male or female.
o Race/Ethnicity: Being born into a particular racial or ethnic group (e.g., being born Latino, Black, or White).
o Social Class: Being born into a wealthy or poor family.
o Caste: In traditional societies like India, people are born into specific castes that determine their status in the social hierarchy

A

Ascribed status

38
Q

Key Characteristics:
o Based on inherent traits or factors assigned at birth.
o Generally unchangeable (although some aspects like religion or nationality might change, but
they are often culturally rooted).
o Can lead to social stratification, as ascribed statuses often influence access to opportunities
and resources

A

Ascribed status

38
Q

Refers to the act of aligning one’s behavior, beliefs, or actions with the norms, values, and expectations of a group or society. People conform to social norms to fit in, avoid conflict, or
gain approval.

A

Conformity

39
Q

Ascribed statuses are often used to categorize people in society based on characteristics beyond their control. These statuses can significantly shape a person’s life opportunities and
experiences, either limiting or enhancing their access to power, resources, and respect.

A

Importance of Ascribed Statuses

40
Q

Dress codes: Wearing formal attire to work or casual clothes in social gatherings.
Behavior: Acting politely in public spaces, following traffic laws, or standing in line.
Beliefs: Accepting common cultural or religious beliefs to fit in with a community.

A

Examples of Conformity

41
Q

Refers to behavior that violates established laws or legal norms in a society. These are actions that are considered criminal and are punishable by formal legal sanctions such as fines,
imprisonment, or other forms of state-imposed punishment. Unlike informal deviance, which involves breaking social norms or expectations that are not codified into law, formal deviance pertains to clearly defined rules in the legal system.

A

Formal deviance

41
Q

Formal deviance involves breaking specific laws that have been written and
enforced by government authorities.

A

Violation of Laws
(Key Characteristics of Formal Deviance)

42
Q

Acts of formal deviance are subject to punishment by the judicial system, which may include fines, imprisonment, community service, or even death in extreme cases.

A

Legal consequences
(Key Characteristics of Formal Deviance)

43
Q

Formal deviance is often synonymous with criminal acts, which are behaviors that are considered harmful or dangerous to society.

A

Criminal behavior
(Key Characteristics of Formal Deviance)

44
Q

Stealing someone’s property is a violation of the law and is punishable by legal sanctions.

A

Theft
(Examples of Formal Deviance)

45
Q

Killing another person is a serious violation of legal norms and is considered a criminal act
with severe penalties.

A

Murder
(Examples of Formal Deviance)

46
Q

Destroying or damaging public or private property is against the law and is classified as formal deviance.

A

Vandalism
(Examples of Formal Deviance)

47
Q

Engaging in dishonest financial activities, such as embezzlement or identity theft, is a form of formal deviance

A

Fraud
(Examples of Formal Deviance)

48
Q

The sale or distribution of illegal substances violates national or international laws.

A

Drug trafficking
(Examples of Formal Deviance)

49
Q

Involves breaking laws (e.g., theft, assault, drug use), resulting in legal punishment.

A

Formal Deviance

50
Q

Involves breaking social norms (e.g., dressing unconventionally, interrupting
conversations) and may result in social disapproval or informal sanctions like embarrassment or ostracism but not legal consequences.

A

Informal Deviance

50
Q

The __________ is a concept introduced by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. It refers to the
process through which individuals develop their sense of self based on how they believe others perceive them.

A

looking glass self

51
Q

According to this theory, a person’s self-identity is shaped through social interactions and the feedback they
receive from others, acting like a “mirror” that reflects how they view themselves.

A

looking glass self by Charles Horton Cooley

51
Q

o Individuals imagine how they appear to others, whether in terms of appearance, actions, or
behavior. They form an idea of how others perceive them, which may not always be accurate.
o Example: You might imagine that others see you as friendly or awkward based on how you
behave in social situations.

A

Imagining How We Appear to Others

52
Q

o After imagining how others see us, we then imagine what judgments or evaluations they are making. This could involve assumptions about whether others view us positively, negatively, or neutrally.
o Example: If you think people view you as outgoing, you may imagine that they admire your confidence. Alternatively, if you believe people see you as shy, you might think they judge you as socially awkward.

A

Imagining the Judgment of Others:

52
Q

o Based on how we think others judge us, we develop feelings of pride, shame, embarrassment, or confidence. These emotional reactions shape our self-concept and how we see ourselves
in society.
o Example: If you believe others see you as successful, you might feel proud and self-assured. If you think they see you as a failure, you might feel embarrassed or inferior.

A

Developing Feelings About Ourselves Based on These Perceived Judgments

53
Q

A person who becomes addicted to drugs or alcohol and withdraws from society is an example of retreatism. They may give up on pursuing societal goals like career success, financial
stability, or family life, and instead retreat into a lifestyle of addiction, where both societal goals and
acceptable means are abandoned. In this case, the individual rejects both the goal of social success and the legitimate path to achieve it.

A

Example of Retreatism:
* Substance Abuse:

53
Q

A concept from Robert Merton’s Strain Theory that refers to individuals who reject both the culturally approved goals(such as wealth or success) and the legitimate means to achieve them (such as hardwork or education).

A

Retreatism

54
Q

Some individuals who choose to live off the grid or outside of mainstream society, rejecting conventional employment or social expectations, are engaging in retreatism.

A

Homelessness (due to voluntary withdrawal) - example of retreatism

55
Q

In some cases, people who reject the material goals of society, choosing
a life of isolation or seclusion (for religious or spiritual reasons), also demonstrate retreatism. They
renounce the goals and means of society, seeking fulfillment in a completely different way.

A
  • Religious hermits or monks - example of retreatism
55
Q

involves interaction among members who have an emotional investment or attachment in one another and in a situation

A

Primary group

56
Q

People in the in-group try to harm another individual because they feel that they are part of the out-group

A

Intergroup aggression

57
Q

A large group of people shares common goals which often aim to complete tasks at hand. In this type of group, people are surrounded by relationships that are not personal. Among different kinds of social groups in our society, this can be small or large, mostly impersonal, and usually short-term.

A

Secondary group

58
Q

A marriage system in which a person has more than one spouse simultaneously. It contrasts with monogamy, where an individual is married to only one partner at a time. It is practiced in some cultures and religions, but it is illegal or socially unacceptable in many parts of the
world.

A

Polygamy

58
Q

A family unit that consists of a single couple or monogamous family, that is – the husband, wife, and
their child or children.

A

Nuclear family

59
Q

refers to the practice of having more than one spouse at a time

A

polygamy

60
Q

Individuals use the reference group to measure or evaluate their own behavior,
lifestyle, or achievements.

A

Key Characteristics of a Reference Group
(Basis for Comparison)

60
Q

Reference groups exert social influence on individuals, often guiding their attitudes, beliefs, and actions.

A

Key Characteristics of a Reference Group
Influence

60
Q

A social group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves, their behaviors, attitudes, values, and social norms. People compare themselves to these groups when
making decisions about how to act, dress, or think. ________ groups influence a person’s choices, aspirations, and self-identity, even if they are not formal members of the group.

A

reference group

60
Q

Different kinds of the relationships among social groups, these are sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.

A

Network Groups

61
Q

A reference group can be one to which an individual aspires to belong
or one they already associate with.

A

Key Characteristics of a Reference Group
Aspirational or Associational

UCSP MODULE 1-10 REVIEW (5 decks)

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