Reviewer For 100 Questions Flashcards
Who is considered the “Father of Modern Taxonomy”?
Carl Linnaeus
What does “binomial nomenclature” refer to?
A two-part naming system for organisms
In the scientific name Homo sapiens, which word represents the genus?
Homo
Eubacteria are also known as:
True bacteria
Which domain contains organisms with a true nucleus?
Eukarya
Which kingdom is NOT included within the Eukarya domain?
a) Protista b) Fungi c) Plantae d) Archaea
Archea
What type of cell is characteristic of Kingdom Monera?
Prokaryotic
Cyanobacteria are known for their ability to:
Photosynthesize
Which bacterial shape is described as rod-shaped?
Bacilli/Bacillus
A chain of spherical bacteria is called:
Streptococcus
Organisms that are often described as “animal-like”?
Protozoa
Paramecium are characterized by the presence of:
Cilia
Pasteurization is a process primarily used to:
Sterilized equipment
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Kingdom Fungi?
a) Heterotrophic nutrition b) Cell walls made of chitin c) Photosynthesis d) Spore production
Photosynthesis
Which kingdom includes multicellular organisms that perform photosynthesis?
Plantae
The scientific name for the common house cat is Felis catus. What is the species name?
catus
What is the primary difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria at the cellular level?
Cell wall composition
What is a nucleoid?
A region in prokaryotic cells where DNA is located
What process do bacteria use for asexual reproduction?
Binary fission
All bacteria are harmful. (True/False)
False
Archaea can only survive in extreme environments. (True/False)
True
Eukarya are always multicellular. (True/False)
False
All protists are unicellular. (True/False)
False
Fungi are autotrophs. (True/False)
False instead they are heterotrophs
Plants are heterotrophs. (True/False)
False
Animals are eukaryotes. (True/False)
True
Binomial nomenclature uses three names to identify organisms. (True/False)
True
The genus name is always written first in a scientific name. (True/False)
True
All bacteria have the same shape. (True/False)
False
Define taxonomy.
the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world.
Explain the difference between a genus and a species.
A genus is a group of animals that are very similar and most likely have a common ancestor. In contrast, a species is just one type of animal. For example, zebras are in the genus called Equus.
List three domains of life
The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Give an example of an archaebacterium and its habitat.
Examples of Archaea
These extremophiles are found in anaerobic habitats or places without oxygen. They can be found in your intestines as well as the guts of cows. They can also be found in swamps. They consume gases, like hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and release methane as a byproduct.
Name three beneficial uses of eubacteria.
- for medical purposes
- food
Describe the characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
What is a pseudopod?
A temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that emerges in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consists of actin filaments and may also contain microtubules and intermediate filaments.
A protective outer layer that helps the bacteria evade the host’s immune system and adhere to surfaces.
Capsule
A rigid layer that provides structural support and shape to the cell.
Cell wall
that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Plasma membrane (cytoplasmic membrane)
The jelly-like substance filling the cell, containing the cell’s components.
Cytoplasm
A fluid inside the cytoplasm
Cytosol
The region where the bacterial DNA is located. Unlike eukaryotic cells, it’s not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.
Nucleoid (DNA)
Small, circular DNA molecules separate from the main bacterial chromosome. They often carry genes for antibiotic resistance or other advantageous traits.
Plasmid
Structures responsible for protein synthesis.
Ribosome
Infoldings of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area for metabolic processes.
Mesosome
A long, whip-like appendage used for movement.
Flagellum/flagella
Hair-like appendages involved in attachment to surfaces or other bacteria (for conjugation, a type of genetic exchange).
Pilus/Pili
The control center of the cell, containing the cell’s DNA (genetic material). Think of it as the cell’s brain.
Nucleus (DNA)
A structure inside the nucleus that helps make ribosomes.
Nucleolus
The material that makes up chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins.
Chromatin
A network of membranes studded with ribosomes. It’s involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
A network of membranes without ribosomes. It’s involved in lipid (fat) synthesis and other metabolic processes.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Tiny structures that make proteins. They’re found free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER
Ribosomes
Processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or out of the cell. Think of it as the cell’s post office.
Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)
The powerhouses of the cell, generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
Contains enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. Think of it as the cell’s recycling center.
Lysosome
Involved in cell division.
Centrioles
Hair-like structures on the cell surface that help with movement or sensing.
Cilia
Tiny finger-like projections on the cell surface that increase surface area for absorption.
Microvilli
Located just inside the cell wall, this is a thin, flexible layer that controls what enters and exits the cell. It’s like a gatekeeper.
Cell membrane
The membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
The fluid inside the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm
A network of membranes involved in making and transporting proteins and other molecules.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A large, fluid-filled sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. It helps maintain the plant cell’s shape and turgor pressure (firmness).
Vacuole
Contains chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is how plants make their food.
Chloroplast
Tiny channels that connect adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and transport of substances between them.
Plasmodesmata
Small sacs that transport materials within the cell.
Vesicle
Organelles are involved in various metabolic processes, including breaking down fatty acids.
Peroxisome
A network of protein filaments that provides structural support and helps with cell movement.
Cytoskeleton
What are the three living things?
Animals, plants and microorganisms
He is known as a philosopher and the father of biology, he discovered botany that led to plants. Who is he?
Aristotle
He is known as the father of modern biology, his theory “The evolution of humans”. Who is he?
Charles Darwin
He is known as the father of modern biology, his theory “The evolution of humans”. Who is he?
Charles Darwin
The two individuals who coined the term “Biology” made a significant impact on our understanding of life.
Gottfried Reinhold treviranus and Jean Baptiste Lamarck
What are the four scientific methods for the investigator process?
- Observation (thought experimentation)
- Hypothesis (educated guess)
- Experimentation
- Analysis or conclusion
What material is used in the scientific method?
Tool
What are the 15 organizations of life
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- organ
- Organ system
- Organism
- Individual
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biome
- Biosphere
This is the basic unit of matter and the smallest particle on the earth 🌎.
Atom
What is a molecule?
A group of atoms bounded together
A large molecule, such as protein carbohydrates, nucleic acid, fats, and lipids.
Macromolecule
Also known as a small organ, specialized structure within a cell.
Organelle
The basic unit of life
Cell
A group of similar cells working together. The purpose of tissue is to repair our body, and that is the reason for having hair.
Tissue
A group of tissues working together or performing a specific function.
Organ
A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.
Organ system
A living individual
Organism
Is any organism such as animals and humans
Individual
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
Population
A group of populations living in the same area which is a different species.
Community
A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.
Ecosystem
Major ecological communities such as a forest or desert are major ecological communities.
Biome
It is also known as the bubble of life, this is the part of earth where life exists.
Biosphere
What are the eight fundamental characteristics of life, it’s called the acronym called “Mrs. Gren.” Distinguish
-> Movement
-> Reproduction
-> Sensitivity
-> Growth
-> Respiration
-> Excretion
-> Nutrition
This is a part of the fundamental characteristics of life, it is capable of moving to another place.
Movement
This is a part of the fundamental characteristics of life, it is capable of reproducing.
Reproduction
This is a part of the fundamental characteristics of life, it is capable of reacting to the environment.
Sensitivity
This is a part of the fundamental characteristics of life, its increasing sizes, living organisms grow and develop overtime.
Growth
What are the two types of movement that can move the individual or organism
Non-motile and motile
What are the three types of growth?
Intuscusception, organogenesis, and accretion
This is the type of growth, growth of cells
Intuscusception
This is the type of growth, growth of organs
Organogenesis
This is the type of growth, growth of non-living things
Accretion
It refers to the breathing of living things such as inhaled and exhaled
Respiration
The disposal of a waste of living things
Excretion
The nutrients of living things that benefit in body benefits
Nutrition
This is the sum of the energy
Metabolism
Is a break foods or due to process consuming to provide energy.
Catabolism
Is to absorb the food to produce energy.
Anabolism
The energy inside the body is called, what?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
The body of any organism reacting or responds to things, makes it sensitive
Tropism
Movement or growth towards a stimulus
Positive tropism
Movement or growth away from a stimulus
Negative tropism
The growth response to light
Phototropism
The growth response to gravity
Geotropism
The growth response to water
Hydrotropism
Growth response to touch
Thigmotropism
Growth response to chemicals
Chemotropism
If the growth is physical changes such as size or weight, what is the development?
The process before growth
Male and female to produce new organisms called offspring in reproduction.
Sexual reproduction
One parent that produces another organism like bacteria.
Asexual reproduction
What are the types of asexual reproduction
- Binary fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Vegetative propagation
- Sporogenesis
This is the general term for the fusion of two gametes, regardless of their size or form. It’s the core process of sexual reproduction.
Syngamy/ fertilization
This is a type of syngamy where the fusing gametes are identical in size and appearance. Both gametes are motile and contribute equally to the zygote (fertilized egg). This is common in some algae and fungi.
Isogamy
In this type of syngamy, the two gametes are different in size and form. The larger, non-motile gamete is called the egg cell or ovum, while the smaller, motile gamete is called the sperm. This is the most common type of sexual reproduction in animals and plants.
Oogamy
This term is broader than oogamy and refers to any syngamy where the fusing gametes are different. This includes oogamy, but also other types where the gametes may differ in size or morphology but are both motile.
Heterogamy
The identity of organisms or called as blueprint.
Coded with genes
What is the double strand, this is called as a blueprint for life, containing the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions. (Complete transcript)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
What is the single strand, transcript
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
are like instruction manuals for your body. They tell your cells how to build and run everything, from your hair color to your height. You get half of your genes from your mom and half from your dad.
Genes
Are special genes that determine if you’re a boy or a girl. There are two types: X and Y. Girls have two X chromosomes (XX), while boys have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
Sex chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
23 pairs
How many pairs of autosomes does a human have
22 pairs
How many total offspring have
46 chromosomes
This is like the middle part of the necklace where the string is thicker and stronger. It holds the two halves of the necklace (your chromosomes) together. When cells divide, the centromere helps make sure each new cell gets a complete set of genes.
Centromere
These are like the caps on the ends of the necklace that protect the string from fraying. They keep your genes safe and prevent them from getting damaged. As you get older, your telomeres get shorter, which is like the caps wearing down.
Telomere
It refers to any change in anything over time.
Evolution
The process of adjusting something to better match its environment or a situation
Adaptation
Who discovered the archaebacteria?
Carl woose
What archaebacteria is used for breathing?
Methane gas
Archaebacteria also called as?
Extremophiles
This is one of the different types of bacteria, it look likes a grape 🍇 formation
Staphylococcus
This is one of the different types of bacteria, it looks like a kidney structure
Vibrio
This is one of the different types of bacteria, it looks like a spiral structure or springs
Spirillum
This kingdom is also called aquatic organisms because they live specifically in moist places or in aquatic.
Kingdom protesta
What is saprophytic in kingdom Protista
Means they absorb organic (like bulok na dahon, lupa, o puno)
This different classification of kingdom protesta, known as flagellated (mabilis ang pagpitik)
Euglera
He has developed pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
This is the number of bacteria, one circle in a microscope (walang kadikit)
Monococcus
This is the number of bacteria, two circles in a microscope (dalawang magkadikit)
Diplococcus
This is the number of bacteria, more circles in a microscope, like a chain
Streptococcus
This is the number of bacteria, four circles in a microscope (apat na magkakadikit)
Tetracoccus
This is the number of bacteria, more than four circles in a microscope (mataas pa sa bilang ng apat ang magkakadikit)
Sarcina
tackles about naming and classifying of organisms
Taxonomy
What is the difference between classifying and naming
- Classifying - ( after giving names they are classified based on their body structure or kung anong
klaseng organisms ba sila) - Naming - (giving the name of organisms based on a level of taxonomy)
What is the scientific name?
Genus and species are combined
What are the five classifying based on taxonomy?
- Kingdom monera
- Kingdom protesta
- Kingdom fungi
- Kingdom plantae
- Kingdom animalia
In kingdom monera, what is the reproduction? To produce
Budding and binary fission
What kingdom is called as decomposers
Kingdom monera
What is the decomposers?
Means to eat the dead organisms
What are the examples of kingdom monera?
Bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria
What type of bacteria shape an oval?
Cocci/coccus
What is the kingdom also known as aquatic organisms?
Kingdom protesta
What is the difference between saprophytic and decomposers?
- Saprophytic eats organic matter
- decomposers eat dead organisms
What is the difference between saprophytic and decomposers?
- Saprophytic eats organic matter
- decomposers eat dead organisms
What are the similarities between kingdom monera and kingdom protesta
Prokaryotic cells
What are the four classification of kingdom protesta?
- Protozoa
- Paramecium
- Euglera
- Plasmodium
Are Kingdom fungi are eukaryotic cells?
Yes
What is the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic
-> heterotrophic, they can’t produce their own food
-> Autotrophic, they can create their own food usually in plants
What is the difference between nonvascular and vascular
Vascular - complete body parts
Nonvascular - incomplete body parts
What are the specialized types of proteins that attach to cell walls in bacteria?
Chitin
What are the two modes of reproduction of kingdom fungi
Asexual (spores) and sexual (pheromones)
What is the difference between asexual (spores) and sexual (pheromones)? In kingdom fungi
Asexual (spores) - nagre-release ng seed tapos pinapasa kaya nahhuhulog
Sexual (pheromones) - my moist kaya kumakalat
What is parasitic?
Kailangan niyo ng matitirahan (host), kailangan niyo ng organisms para makapag-survive
What is symbiotic?
Kailangan niya ng mutual relationship to order to survive
What are the different classification of symbiotic
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitic
- Competition
- Predation
- Herbivore
- Amensalism
Both species benefit from the relationship. (Kaya walang harmful sa isa’t Isa)
Mutualism
One species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped. One sided relationship
Commensalism
One species benefits, while the other is harmed. Pinapakinabangan nya yung Isang organisms in return naha-harm yung organism na pinakinabangan nya.
Parasitic
(compete or being dominated) two organisms compete for the same limited resources in an ecosystem. Nag-aagawan sila sa resources kung sino manalo sa kanya lahat kung sino naman matalo maghanap sya ng iba pang resources.
Competition
it includes a prey (maliit) and predator (malaki), a predator hunts and eats another organism, while prey is the organism that is hunted and eaten.
Predation
sila yung kumakain ng damo, ito yung mga organisms na nagcoconsume ng damo.
Herbivore
a type of ecological interaction where one species is harmed or destroyed by another species, while the other species is unaffected. Ito yung relationship na nagkakaroon ng effect pero unaware siya na nagdudulot ng harm ( hindi niya alam na may naharm sya)
Amensalism
Kingdom Plantae also known as?
Autotrophic
They can create their own food they have specialized organelle known as the _______.
Chloroplast
(Two modes of reproduction in kingdom plantae) Asexual and sexual. Two modes of reproduction called?
Pollination
What is pollination?
means pollen is transferred from the male part of a flower to the female part, allowing the plant to reproduce and produce seeds.
What are the Different classifications of plant body
Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers
What is a vascular system?
is a transport system of a plant, dyaan dumadaan ang lahat ng resources na kailangan ng isang plant.
What are The 2 transport systems in plants
Xylem and the phloem
What is the difference between the xylem and phloem including their movement?
Xylem - (transport a liquid) - upward
Phloem - (transport food) - downward
What are the (5) categorization of kingdom plantae
- Thallophyte
- Bryophyte
- Pteridophyte
- Gymnosperm
- Angiosperm
- Is a vascular
- They produce spores or seeds like structure, na yung mga buto nilalaglag nila.
Pteridophyte
lahat ng klase ng algae including seaweeds (mapa brown, red, yellow) basta algae sya.
Thallophyte
What type two classification in plants of bryophyte is a vascular or non vascular
Non-vascular
What are the two classification of plants
Non-vascular and vascular
They are also known as seed bearing because they produce seeds
Gymnosperm
Fruit-bearing
Angiosperm
Known as largest kingdom of all kingdoms
Kingdom animalia
What are the nine different classification of kingdom animalia?
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Nematode
- Annelid
- Arthropods
- mollusk
- Echinodermata
- Chordates
They has motochords or spinal chord or they has backbone
Chordates
Spiky skin means made up of spike (mga tinik tinik)
Echinodermata
They has shell but they seafood
Mollusk
It has an exoskeleton which means no bone but their body is tough (matigas). Ex. Species of spiders
Arthropods
Segmented body (mga guhit na nakapalibot sa katawan)
Annelid
- Roundworms
- Galing sila sa mga itlog na nalilipat lang into organism na nabubuo kaya nagiging roundworms, flatworms or parasites
Nematode
Also known as “Flatworms”
Platyhelminthes
They produce cnidocytes or sting
Cnidaria
What is the hollow bellied in Cnidaria
because yung stomach nila is like a donut because you can see their internal structure
commonly referred to as sponges
Porifera
Can you recite the taxonomic rank
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
