MODULE 4

Question 1

This is the study of fossils.

Answer 1

Paleontology is the branch of geology that studies fossils, which are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

Question 2

The approximate age of the Earth.

Answer 2

The Earth is estimated to be about 4.54 billion years old. This age has been determined through various dating methods, including radiometric dating of meteorites and lunar samples.

Question 3

It is the other name for trace fossils.

Answer 3

Ichnofossils are traces of the activities of ancient organisms, such as footprints, burrows, and feeding marks.

Question 4

He is referred to as “Father of Modern Geology.”

Answer 4

James Hutton

Question 5

These are preserved remains or traces of organisms.

Answer 5

Fossils

Question 6

It is the point or orbit of a planet farthest from the sun.

Answer 6

Aphelion

Question 7

It states that fault cut through rocks is always younger than the rocks it cuts.

Answer 7

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

Question 8

It is the current period of geologic time, also known as Anthropocene epoch.

Answer 8

Holocene

Question 9

It presents the evidences that land masses move and were once together.

Answer 9

Plate Tectonics

Question 10

It states that sediments will assume a horizontal manner due to gravity and will assume such orientation until lithification or diagenesis preserves it.

Answer 10

Principle of Original Horizontality

Question 11

This era tells the extinction of dinosaurs which gave way to the age of mammals including man.

Answer 11

Cretaceous Period

Question 12

It is a hierarchical set of divisions describing geologic time in which units of time include the Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, and Age.

Answer 12

The geologic time scale is a system of chronological dating that divides Earth’s history into a series of time units, from the largest (eons) to the smallest (ages).

Question 13

It states that layers near the bottom of an undistributed basin are older than the ones above them.

Answer 13

Principle of Superposition

Question 14

It is used to find the absolute age of a sample by comparing the parent isotopes to the daughter isotopes.

Answer 14

Radiometric Dating

Question 15

observed geological processes like erosion, wind, and tides, concluding that these forces, acting over vast periods, shaped the Earth. This led him to believe the planet was much older than the biblical account.

Answer 15

Bernard Palissy

Question 16

used biblical genealogies to calculate the Earth’s creation date as October 26, 4004 BC, 9:00 am (PST). This influenced the theory of catastrophism, which proposed that Earth’s features were shaped by sudden, catastrophic events.

Answer 16

James Ussher

Question 17

known as the “Father of Modern Geology,” observed geological processes and their rates of change. He proposed uniformitarianism, suggesting that the same processes shaping the Earth today have been active throughout its history. This led him to conclude that Earth was much older than the biblical estimate of 6000 years.

Answer 17

James Hutton

Question 18

built upon Hutton’s uniformitarianism, emphasizing gradualism, the idea that geological changes happen slowly and steadily over long periods. His work solidified the understanding of Earth’s vast age and established the foundation for modern geology.

Answer 18

Charles Lyell

Question 19

calculated Earth’s age by studying its cooling rate, assuming it was initially molten. His estimates, ranging from 20 to 100 million years, were significantly younger than modern estimates, but they spurred further research into Earth’s age.

Answer 19

Lord Kelvin

Question 20

estimated Earth’s age by studying the rate of salt accumulation in the ocean. He calculated an age of 90 to 100 million years, but his method was flawed due to factors like salt recycling and removal.

Answer 20

John Joly

Question 21

discovery of radioactivity revolutionized our understanding of Earth’s age. It provided a new tool for dating rocks and minerals, leading to much more accurate estimates.

Answer 21

Henri Becquerel’s

Question 22

pioneered radiometric dating, using the decay of radioactive elements to determine the age of rocks and minerals. This led to the first accurate estimates of Earth’s age, which have been refined over time.

Answer 22

Ernest Rutherford and Bertram Boltwood