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Bio 100 Test 3 > Review Topics. > Flashcards

Review Topics. Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

A

natural selection

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2
Q

process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable or behavioral traits

A

evolution theory

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3
Q

trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection

A

adaptation

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4
Q

groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time

A

population

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5
Q

the set of all genes or genetic information in any population usually of a particular species

A

gene pool

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6
Q

features that often have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry

A

homology/homologous structures

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7
Q

the breeding of plants and animals to produce desireable traits

A

artificial selection

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8
Q

based on variation in alleles of the genes in a gene pool. Occurs both within and among populations, supported by individual carriers of the variant genes

A

gene variation

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9
Q

a permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome, the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome

A

mutation

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10
Q

allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

A

hardy-weinberg principle

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11
Q

chance events can cause allele frequencies to flucutate unpredictably from one generation to the next

A

genetic drift

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12
Q

catastrophies leaving a small surviving population unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original, leaving small population

A

bottleneck effect

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13
Q

genetic drift is likely when a few individuals colonize an island or other new habitat this is what is produced

A

founder effect

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14
Q

a population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of population when gametes are transferred between populations

A

gene flow

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15
Q

the contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of the other individuals

A

relative fitness

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16
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate phenotypes

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17
Q

directional selection

A

shifts overall makeup of the population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

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18
Q

disruptive stabilization

A

typically occurs when environmental conditions vary in a way that favors individuals at both ends of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

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19
Q

form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

A

sexual selection

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20
Q

occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

A

balancing selection

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21
Q

type of balancing selection which heterozygous individuals have greater reproductive sucesses than either type of homozygote, with the result that two or more alleles for a gene are maintained in the population

A

heterozygote advantage

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22
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

type of balancing selection maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population

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23
Q

the process by which one species splits into two or more

A

speciation

24
Q

define a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

A

biological species concept

25
Q

prevents genetic exchange and maintains a boundary between species

A

reproductive isolation

26
Q

pairs of distinct species that occasionally interbreed

A

hybrids

27
Q

most organisms classification is based mainly on physical traits such as shape, size and other features of morphology

A

morphological species concept

28
Q

identifies species in terms of their ecological niches focusing on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community

A

ecological species concept

29
Q

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch on the tree

A

phylogenetic species concept

30
Q

prevent mating or fertilization between species

A

prezygotic barriers

31
Q

operates after hybrid zygotes have formed

A

postzygotic barriers

32
Q

the initial block to gene flow that may come from a geographic barrier that isolates a population

A

allopatric speciation

33
Q

a new species arises within the same geographic area as its parent species

A

sympatric speciation

34
Q

evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor

A

adaptive radiation

35
Q

describe long periods of little apparent morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

A

punctuated equilibria

36
Q

developed on the sequence and ages of rocks and fossils

A

geologic record

37
Q

the end of an organism or a group of organisms, normally a species, the moment is generally considered the death of last individual

A

extinction

38
Q

rapid and disruptive environmental change that a majority of the species were swept away in a relatively short period of time

A

mass extinction

39
Q

mutation,migration, genetic drift and natural selection

A

mechanisms of macroevolution

40
Q

studying how slight genetic changes become magnified into major morphological differences between species

A

evo devo

41
Q

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

A

phylogeny

42
Q

a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying the organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

A

systematics

43
Q

use of molecular genetics to study the evolution of relationships among individuals and species

A

molecular systematics

44
Q

taxonomic rank

A

class

45
Q

group of closely related species

A

genus

46
Q

species from a lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that inclueds the species we are studying

A

outgroup

47
Q

the adoption of the simplest explaination for observed phenomena

A

parsimony

48
Q

a method that estimates the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change

A

molecular clock

49
Q

a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area

A

population

50
Q

concerned with changes in a population size and the factors that regulate populations over time

A

population ecology

51
Q

number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume

A

population density

52
Q

clumped dispersion pattern

A

individuals grouped into patches, most common in nature

53
Q

uniform dispersion pattern

A

even dispersion, form from interactions between individuals of a population

54
Q

random dispersion

A

individuals in a population are spaced in a unpredictable way without a pattern

55
Q

plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age

A

survivorship curve

Bio 100 Test 3 (2 decks)

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