Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 101 Lecture > Review- Test 3 > Flashcards

Review- Test 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stored energy

A

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

energy in motion

A

kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

“energy in” / energy is required to form chemical bonds / (small → large)

A

endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

“energy out” / chemical bonds are broken, releasing energy / (large → small)

A

exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give some examples of an endergonic reaction.

A
  1. Photosynthesis (6CO₂ + 6H₂O → 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆)

2. Dehydration Synthesis (Glucose + Galactose → Lactose + H₂O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give some examples of an exergonic reaction.

A
  1. Aerobic Cellular Respiration (6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP + Heat)
  2. Hydrolysis (H₂O + Protein → Amino Acids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes form.

A

1st Law of Thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the tendency to go from organized to disorganized as less energy is available to the system

A

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

process by which a phosphate group is added to some molecule/compound
(e.g. phosphates from ATP are added to glucose)

A

phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

loss of electrons and hydrogen ions (H+)

A

oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gain of electrons and hydrogen ions (H+)

A

reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ATP used for in the body?

A

muscle contraction,
nerve impulse conduction,
membrane transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the nucleotide components of ATP?

A
  1. 5-Carbon sugar (Ribose)
  2. 3 Phosphate Groups
  3. nitrogen base (Adenine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which molecule has more energy, NAD+ or NADH?

A

NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which molecule has more energy, FAD or FADH₂?

A

FADH₂

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body by which energy is either stored in molecules or released from molecules

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a “buildup” process (small → large) that is required for energy to form chemical bonds

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a “break down” process (large → small) that breaks chemical bonds, releasing energy

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Write some examples of an anabolic reaction.

A

Endergonic Reactions

Photosynthesis & Dehydration Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Write some examples of a catabolic reaction.

A

Exergonic Reactions

Cellular Respiration & Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the three statements that pertain to metabolic pathways.

A
  1. A series of step-by-step reactions that proceed in an orderly manner
  2. Each step in the reaction is catalyzed (sped up) by a specific enzyme
  3. Begin with a specific reactant (in) and end with a specific product (out)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

A

Ea

Activation Energy/ Energy of Activation

25
Q

an irreversible change in the shape of a protein due to extreme temperatures and pH’s

A

denaturation

26
Q

the location on the enzyme where the substrate attaches itself

A

binding site

27
Q

the location on the enzyme that causes the substrate to change and be converted to products

A

active site

28
Q

List the properties of enzymes.

A
  1. protein catalysts
  2. have a specific shape
  3. have a very specific action
  4. can be used over and over again until they wear out or break down
  5. required in small amounts
  6. are not used up in the reaction
  7. lower the Ea
29
Q

How do enzymes affect the Ea in a chemical reaction?

A

they make it lower

30
Q

How are enzymes affected by pH and temperature?

A

All enzymes have optimal temperatures and pH’s were they function the best

31
Q

equation for aerobic cellular respiration

A

6O₂+C6H12O6 → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36-38 ATP + Heat

32
Q

By what membrane transport process is glucose taken into the cell?

A

facilitated diffusion

33
Q

What happens during the oxidation-reduction stage of Glycolysis?

A

Step 3 on “How Cells Release Energy” Handout

34
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

35
Q

What are the products of Glycolysis?

A

4 ATP (net gain of 2) (4 out- 2 in),
2 NADH,
2 Pyruvates

36
Q

What occurs during the Transition Stage (reaction) between Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis enter the mitochondrion (matrix) where they undergo a conversion to become Acetyl-CoA molecules.

37
Q

What are the products of the Transition Stage?

A

2 CO₂ + 2 NADH

38
Q

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

39
Q

What are the products of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A 
(per 2 turns of cycle)
4 CO₂
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH₂
40
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

on the cristae of the mitochondria

41
Q

Summarize what happens in the Electron Transport Chain.

A

“How Cells Release Energy” Handout

42
Q

How many ATP are produced in Glycolysis?

A

4 (net gain of 2!)

43
Q

How many ATP are produced in the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

2

44
Q

How many ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

32 (34 ATP are produced in the heart and muscle cells)

45
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

46
Q

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

A

inside the nucleus

47
Q

What are the nucleotide components of DNA?

A

Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar base, Nitrogen base

48
Q

What are the nitrogen bases of DNA?

A

Adenine (A),
Thymine (T),
Cytosine (C),
Guanine (G)

49
Q

Who is credited with discovering the structure of DNA? When?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

50
Q

What are the functions of DNA within the cell?

A
  1. DNA Replication (makes copies)

2. Transcription (a strand of DNA is used to produce a strand of RNA)

51
Q

What are the professional/medical uses of DNA?

A

Professional ways: Medical, Forensic, Agricultural and Ancestry
Medical: Cure diseases, Stem Cell Theory, modifying medications and Gene Therapy

52
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

53
Q

Where is RNA produced within the cell?

A

in the nucleus by Transcription

becomes functional in the cytoplasm for Translation

54
Q

By what process is RNA produced in the cell?

A

??

55
Q

What are the nucleotide components of RNA?

A

5-carbon sugar Ribose
Nitrogen bases
Phosphate molecule

56
Q

What are the nitrogen bases of RNA?

A

Adenine (A),
Uracil (U),
Cytosine (C),
Guanine (G)

57
Q

Name the three types of RNA and give the functions of each type. (four separate cards???)

A

mRNA: Messenger;carries information for protein production
rRNA: Ribosomal;reads the mRNA codons
tRNA: Transfer (anti-codon); complements to the mRNA codons and transfers its anticodon and amino acid to the mRNA codons

58
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

each nitrogen base pairs with another specific nitrogen base:
DNA (A-T & C-G),
RNA (A-U & C-G)

BIO 101 Lecture (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions