Review- Test 3 Flashcards
the ability to do work
energy
stored energy
potential energy
energy in motion
kinetic energy
“energy in” / energy is required to form chemical bonds / (small → large)
endergonic
“energy out” / chemical bonds are broken, releasing energy / (large → small)
exergonic
Give some examples of an endergonic reaction.
- Photosynthesis (6CO₂ + 6H₂O → 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆)
2. Dehydration Synthesis (Glucose + Galactose → Lactose + H₂O)
Give some examples of an exergonic reaction.
- Aerobic Cellular Respiration (6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP + Heat)
- Hydrolysis (H₂O + Protein → Amino Acids)
Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes form.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
the tendency to go from organized to disorganized as less energy is available to the system
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
process by which a phosphate group is added to some molecule/compound
(e.g. phosphates from ATP are added to glucose)
phosphorylation
loss of electrons and hydrogen ions (H+)
oxidation
gain of electrons and hydrogen ions (H+)
reduction
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP used for in the body?
muscle contraction,
nerve impulse conduction,
membrane transport
What are the nucleotide components of ATP?
- 5-Carbon sugar (Ribose)
- 3 Phosphate Groups
- nitrogen base (Adenine)
Which molecule has more energy, NAD+ or NADH?
NADH
Which molecule has more energy, FAD or FADH₂?
FADH₂
the sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body by which energy is either stored in molecules or released from molecules
metabolism
a “buildup” process (small → large) that is required for energy to form chemical bonds
anabolism
a “break down” process (large → small) that breaks chemical bonds, releasing energy
catabolism
Write some examples of an anabolic reaction.
Endergonic Reactions
Photosynthesis & Dehydration Synthesis
Write some examples of a catabolic reaction.
Exergonic Reactions
Cellular Respiration & Hydrolysis
List the three statements that pertain to metabolic pathways.
- A series of step-by-step reactions that proceed in an orderly manner
- Each step in the reaction is catalyzed (sped up) by a specific enzyme
- Begin with a specific reactant (in) and end with a specific product (out)
the amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
Ea
Activation Energy/ Energy of Activation
an irreversible change in the shape of a protein due to extreme temperatures and pH’s
denaturation
the location on the enzyme where the substrate attaches itself
binding site
the location on the enzyme that causes the substrate to change and be converted to products
active site
List the properties of enzymes.
- protein catalysts
- have a specific shape
- have a very specific action
- can be used over and over again until they wear out or break down
- required in small amounts
- are not used up in the reaction
- lower the Ea
How do enzymes affect the Ea in a chemical reaction?
they make it lower
How are enzymes affected by pH and temperature?
All enzymes have optimal temperatures and pH’s were they function the best
equation for aerobic cellular respiration
6O₂+C6H12O6 → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36-38 ATP + Heat
By what membrane transport process is glucose taken into the cell?
facilitated diffusion
What happens during the oxidation-reduction stage of Glycolysis?
Step 3 on “How Cells Release Energy” Handout
Where does Glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm
What are the products of Glycolysis?
4 ATP (net gain of 2) (4 out- 2 in),
2 NADH,
2 Pyruvates
What occurs during the Transition Stage (reaction) between Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle?
The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis enter the mitochondrion (matrix) where they undergo a conversion to become Acetyl-CoA molecules.
What are the products of the Transition Stage?
2 CO₂ + 2 NADH
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
What are the products of the Kreb’s Cycle?
(per 2 turns of cycle) 4 CO₂ 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH₂
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
on the cristae of the mitochondria
Summarize what happens in the Electron Transport Chain.
“How Cells Release Energy” Handout
How many ATP are produced in Glycolysis?
4 (net gain of 2!)
How many ATP are produced in the Kreb’s Cycle?
2
How many ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?
32 (34 ATP are produced in the heart and muscle cells)
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
inside the nucleus
What are the nucleotide components of DNA?
Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar base, Nitrogen base
What are the nitrogen bases of DNA?
Adenine (A),
Thymine (T),
Cytosine (C),
Guanine (G)
Who is credited with discovering the structure of DNA? When?
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
What are the functions of DNA within the cell?
- DNA Replication (makes copies)
2. Transcription (a strand of DNA is used to produce a strand of RNA)
What are the professional/medical uses of DNA?
Professional ways: Medical, Forensic, Agricultural and Ancestry
Medical: Cure diseases, Stem Cell Theory, modifying medications and Gene Therapy
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
Where is RNA produced within the cell?
in the nucleus by Transcription
becomes functional in the cytoplasm for Translation
By what process is RNA produced in the cell?
??
What are the nucleotide components of RNA?
5-carbon sugar Ribose
Nitrogen bases
Phosphate molecule
What are the nitrogen bases of RNA?
Adenine (A),
Uracil (U),
Cytosine (C),
Guanine (G)
Name the three types of RNA and give the functions of each type. (four separate cards???)
mRNA: Messenger;carries information for protein production
rRNA: Ribosomal;reads the mRNA codons
tRNA: Transfer (anti-codon); complements to the mRNA codons and transfers its anticodon and amino acid to the mRNA codons
What is complementary base pairing?
each nitrogen base pairs with another specific nitrogen base:
DNA (A-T & C-G),
RNA (A-U & C-G)
