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BIO 101 Lecture > Review- Test 2 > Flashcards

Review- Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

compounds that contain carbon atoms in chains/rings

A

organic compounds

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2
Q

compounds that do not contain carbon atoms in chains/rings

A

inorganic compounds

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3
Q

a chain of carbon atoms that are covalently bonded together with attached hydrogen atoms

A

hydrocarbon chain

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4
Q

groups of specific atoms that are bonded to the hydrocarbon chain and will add to the function of a compound

A

functional group

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5
Q

list some examples of a functional group

A

hydroxyl group,
carboxyl group,
amino group,
methyl group

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6
Q

hydroxyl group structure

A

-OH

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7
Q

carboxyl group structure

A

-COOH

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8
Q

amino group structure

A

-NH₂

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9
Q

methyl group structure

A

-CH₃

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10
Q

example of an organic compound

A

glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆),

maltose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

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11
Q

example of an inorganic compound

A

H₂O, CO₂, H₂CO₃, CCl ₄

only one Carbon

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12
Q

the removal of water from between two smaller compounds to form a larger, more complex compound (small → large)

A

dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

the addition of water to a large, complex compound to break it down into smaller, simpler compounds (large → small)

A

hydrolysis

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14
Q

sucrose (dehydration synthesis equation)

A

Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + H₂O

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15
Q

sucrose (hydrolysis equation)

A

H₂O + Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose

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16
Q

lactose (dehydration synthesis equation)

A

Glucose + Galactose → Lactose + H₂O

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17
Q

lactose (hydrolysis equation)

A

H₂O + Lactose → Glucose + Galactose

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18
Q

maltose (dehydration synthesis equation)

A

Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + H₂O

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19
Q

maltose (hydrolysis equation)

A

H₂O + Maltose → Glucose + Glucose

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20
Q

protein (dehydration synthesis equation)

A

Amino Acids → Protein + H₂O

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21
Q

protein (hydrolysis equation)

A

H₂O + Protein → Amino Acids

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22
Q

triglyceride (dehydration synthesis equation)

A

3 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol → Triglyceride + 3H₂O

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23
Q

triglyceride (hydrolysis equation)

A

3H₂O + Triglyceride → 3 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol

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24
Q

structure of triglycerides

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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25
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

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26
Q

structure of sterols

A

4 fused Carbon rings

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27
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

A

saturated: only single bonds between Carbon atoms,
unsaturated: one/more double bond between Carbon atoms

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28
Q

Which is better for you, saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated

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29
Q

3 functions of lipids (fats) in the body

A

concentrated energy,
protection of internal organs,
insulation

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30
Q

What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?

A

amino acids

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31
Q

identify/name some proteins

A

keratin, collagen, myosin, hemoglobin

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32
Q

Why are proteins neccessary for the body?

A

they control all the activities of life, missing one can result in illness or death, they do more jobs in the cell than any other type of biological molecule

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33
Q

What are the monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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34
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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35
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

36
Q

What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: double stranded/double helix (strands are anti-parallel), deoxyribose (5-Carbon sugar), Thymine (nitrogenous base)
RNA: single stranded, ribose (5-Carbon sugar), Uracil (nitrogenous base)

37
Q

nitrogen bases of DNA

A

Adenine ↔ Thymine

Guanine ↔ Cytosine

38
Q

nitrogen bases of RNA

A

Adenine ↔ Uracil

Guanine ↔ Cytosine

39
Q

3 components of a nucleotide

A

5-Carbon sugar (pentose),
Phosphate group,
Nitrogen base

40
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic: lack a nucleus
eukaryotic: contain a nucleus and other membranous organelles

41
Q

examples of organisms whose cells are prokaryotic

A

bacteria…

42
Q

examples of organisms whose cells are eukaryotic

A

animals…

43
Q

3 statements to the Cell Theory

A
  1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
  2. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
44
Q

structural composition of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer…

45
Q

functional properties of the cell membrane

A

semipermeable…

46
Q

compartments of eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions

A

organelles

47
Q

the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms

A

cells

48
Q

What is the purpose of the cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

helps maintain the fluid-like property of the cell membrane,
helps prevent a drastic decrease in fluidity accross the cell membrane,
has 4 Carbon rings with structures attached

49
Q

occurs when there is a difference in the concentration (number) of molecules on either side of the cell membrane

A

concentration gradient

50
Q

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is established

A

simple diffusion

51
Q

the movement of water across the cell membrane from high to low concentration until equilibrium is established

A

osmosis

52
Q

the movement of glucose through a transport protein from high to low concentration until equilibrium is established

A

facilitated diffusion

53
Q

list the passive transport processes

A 
Simple Diffusion (O₂, CO₂),
Osmosis (H₂O),
Facilitated Diffusion (Glucose)
54
Q

Which category of transport processes requires ATP?

A

Active Transport Processes

55
Q

3 ways in which the rate of diffusion can be accelerated

A

heat,
stir,
shake

56
Q

3 factors that determine whether or not material can move through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

size,
charge,
solubility

57
Q

process by which ions move through the cell membrane, through a transport protein, from low to high concentration until equilibrium is established

A

active transport

58
Q

the process by which material is released by the cell

A

exocytosis

59
Q

the process by which material is taken into the cell

A

endocytosis

60
Q

types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis,

Pinocytosis

61
Q

2 main Cell-Mediated Transport Processes

A

Endocytosis,

Exocytosis

62
Q

the process by which liquid material is taken into the cell (“cell-drinking”)

A

pinocytosis

63
Q

the process by which large, solid material is taken into the cell (“cell-eating”)

A

phagocytosis

64
Q

a solution in which the solute concentration outside of the cell is greater than the solute concentration inside the cell

A

hypertonic solution

65
Q

a solution in which the solute concentration outside of the cell is less than the solute concentration inside the cell

A

hypotonic solution

66
Q

a solution in which the solute concentration outside of the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside of the cell

A

isotonic solution

67
Q

What are the effects of a hypertonic solution on red blood cells?

A

lose H₂O,

shrink

68
Q

What are the effects of a hypertonic solution on plant cells?

A

cell’s vacuole loses H₂O,

cell membrane pulls away from cell wall

69
Q

What are the effects of a hypotonic solution on red blood cells?

A

gain H₂O,

swell and burst

70
Q

What are the effects of a hypotonic solution on plant cells?

A

cell’s vacuole gains water,

internal pressure increases

71
Q

What are the effects of an isotonic solution on red blood cells?

A

cells will gain and lose weight (helps maintain shape)

72
Q

condition of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution

A

hemolysis

73
Q

condition of red blood cells in a hypertonic solution

A

crenation

74
Q

condition of plant cells in a hypertonic solution

A

plasmolysis

75
Q

condition of plant cells in a hypotonic solution

A

turgor pressure

76
Q 
control center of the cell,
directs all cellular activity,
not all cells have one,
double phospholipid bilayer,
highly porous,
contains nucleolus and DNA
A

nucleus

77
Q

system of membranous channels

A

endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

outer membrane joins to outer membrane of nucleus,
ribosomes on surface,
function: protein synthesis,
high # in pancreas

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

no ribosomes on surface,
helps to detoxify harmful substances,
high # in liver

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

a system of flattened sacks that are interconnected;

function: recieves, processes, and repackages material for transport/export

A

Golgi body/apparatus

81
Q

2 types of vesicles

A

transport vesicle,

secretory vesicle

82
Q 
specialized vesicles produced by the Golgi body,
contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes,
functions: important for normal growth and development, recycle worn out cell parts
A

lysosomes

83
Q

“powerhouse of the cell”,

function: aerobic cellular respiration (produce ATP)

A

mitochondrion (mitochondria)

84
Q

contain chlorophyll,
sites of photosynthesis;
(all plants, some protists, some bacteria)

A

chloroplast

85
Q 
PLANTS:
centrally located
stores primarily water (some pigments and waste material & in some cases toxins);
ANIMALS:
smaller and more numerous,
contain water and some dissolved solutes;
SOME PROTISTS:
contractile \_\_\_ expells excess water
A

vacuole

86
Q

non-membranous organelles;
EUKARYOTIC: protein synthesis in cytoplasm, attached to R.E.R., in mitochondria, in chloroplasts, Golgi body;
PROKARYOTIC: protein synthesis, located in cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

87
Q 
non-membranous organelles,
not in plants,
located in pairs just outside the nucleus,
spindle fibers help to provide movement,
made up of microtubules
A

centrioles

BIO 101 Lecture (3 decks)

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