review session questions Flashcards
intermediate common to the catabolism of carbs, fat, protein
acetyl-CoA
ketone synthesis occurs only in the-
liver
largest energy store in the body
TAG in adipocytes
RQ equation
RQ = CO2/O2
free fatty acids are liberated from chylomicrons and VLDL by-
lipase
glycogen will accumulate in the liver until is is what % of total weight of liver
5%, beyond that = glycogen storage dz
inputs for gluconeogenesis- 3
lactate from glycolysis
aa (alanine and glutamine) from mm breakdown
glycerol from TAG breakdown
when will gluconeogenesis typically begin
after an overnight fast
what tissue initially uses ketones for energy
initially used by mm, once levels increase sufficiently, will be used by the brain
aa used as buffer in the kidney
glutamine
sites of gluconeogenesis
liver and kidney
preferred mm fuel with high intensity exercise
glucose/glycogen
preferred mm fuel with sustained exercise
fat
MOA of cortisol
effects gene expression, long term regulator, increases glycogen synthesis
insulin receptor type
tyrosine kinase receptor
glucose receptors on brain
GLUT1, GLUT3
glucose receptors on RBC
GLUT3
catalysts work by-
decreasing activation energy, increase rate, stabilize the transition state
catalysts cannot-
change equilibrium
special characteristics of enzyme catalyzed runs
physiologic conditions, highly efficient, highly specific, regulation, targets for drugs
thyamine pyrophosphate (B1)
aldehyde transfer
Pyridoxal phosphate (B6)
group transfer to/from amino acid
biotin
activates/transfers CO2
coenzyme A
transfer of acyl group or thiol ester
function of asp in serine protease active site
asp pulls H from His to activate it
describe the problem when G6PD is mutated
mutation in G6PD makes it less temperature stable, decreased stability decreases product concentration (NADPH), decreased NADPH = decreased GSH = accumulation of free radicals
when are the effects of G6PD mutation more evident?
fever, oxidative stress
what activates trypsinogen to trypsin?
enteropeptidase
michaelis-menton equation
v = vmax / 1+ (km/[S])
when km = [S], v=
1/2 vmax
hexokinase has lower km meaning it has…
increased activity at lower substrate concentrations
DR x intercept
x int = -1/km
DR y intercept
y int = 1/Vmax
DR slope
slope = km/vmax
effect on KM and vmax competitive inhibitors
increase Km
Vmax unchanged
effect on KM and vmax noncompetitive inhibitors
Km unchanged
decrease vmax
structure of inactive PKA
2 regulatory and 2 catalytic subunits, regulators act as pseudo substrate
calmodulin activates enzymes by
binding their pseudo substrates and reversing auto inhibition
