review session questions

Question 1

intermediate common to the catabolism of carbs, fat, protein

Answer 1

acetyl-CoA

Question 2

ketone synthesis occurs only in the-

Answer 2

liver

Question 3

largest energy store in the body

Answer 3

TAG in adipocytes

Question 4

RQ equation

Answer 4

RQ = CO2/O2

Question 5

free fatty acids are liberated from chylomicrons and VLDL by-

Answer 5

lipase

Question 6

glycogen will accumulate in the liver until is is what % of total weight of liver

Answer 6

5%, beyond that = glycogen storage dz

Question 7

inputs for gluconeogenesis- 3

Answer 7

lactate from glycolysis
aa (alanine and glutamine) from mm breakdown
glycerol from TAG breakdown

Question 8

when will gluconeogenesis typically begin

Answer 8

after an overnight fast

Question 9

what tissue initially uses ketones for energy

Answer 9

initially used by mm, once levels increase sufficiently, will be used by the brain

Question 10

aa used as buffer in the kidney

Answer 10

glutamine

Question 11

sites of gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

liver and kidney

Question 12

preferred mm fuel with high intensity exercise

Answer 12

glucose/glycogen

Question 13

preferred mm fuel with sustained exercise

Answer 13

fat

Question 14

MOA of cortisol

Answer 14

effects gene expression, long term regulator, increases glycogen synthesis

Question 15

insulin receptor type

Answer 15

tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 16

glucose receptors on brain

Answer 16

GLUT1, GLUT3

Question 17

glucose receptors on RBC

Answer 17

GLUT3

Question 18

catalysts work by-

Answer 18

decreasing activation energy, increase rate, stabilize the transition state

Question 19

catalysts cannot-

Answer 19

change equilibrium

Question 20

special characteristics of enzyme catalyzed runs

Answer 20

physiologic conditions, highly efficient, highly specific, regulation, targets for drugs

Question 21

thyamine pyrophosphate (B1)

Answer 21

aldehyde transfer

Question 22

Pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

Answer 22

group transfer to/from amino acid

Question 23

biotin

Answer 23

activates/transfers CO2

Question 24

coenzyme A

Answer 24

transfer of acyl group or thiol ester

Question 25

function of asp in serine protease active site

Answer 25

asp pulls H from His to activate it

Question 26

describe the problem when G6PD is mutated

Answer 26

mutation in G6PD makes it less temperature stable, decreased stability decreases product concentration (NADPH), decreased NADPH = decreased GSH = accumulation of free radicals

Question 27

when are the effects of G6PD mutation more evident?

Answer 27

fever, oxidative stress

Question 28

what activates trypsinogen to trypsin?

Answer 28

enteropeptidase

Question 29

michaelis-menton equation

Answer 29

v = vmax / 1+ (km/[S])

Question 30

when km = [S], v=

Answer 30

1/2 vmax

Question 31

hexokinase has lower km meaning it has…

Answer 31

increased activity at lower substrate concentrations

Question 32

DR x intercept

Answer 32

x int = -1/km

Question 33

DR y intercept

Answer 33

y int = 1/Vmax

Question 34

DR slope

Answer 34

slope = km/vmax

Question 35

effect on KM and vmax competitive inhibitors

Answer 35

increase Km

Vmax unchanged

Question 36

effect on KM and vmax noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 36

Km unchanged

decrease vmax

Question 37

structure of inactive PKA

Answer 37

2 regulatory and 2 catalytic subunits, regulators act as pseudo substrate

Question 38

calmodulin activates enzymes by

Answer 38

binding their pseudo substrates and reversing auto inhibition