REVIEW: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
Male Reproductive system is consist of:
-Testis
-System of Ducts
-glands
-Penis
produces sperm & sex hormones
testis
secrete seminal fluid
glands
delivers semen
penis
Meiosis produces gametes in the __________.
seminiferous tubules
Types of Cells in Seminiferous Tubules:
1.Spermatogenic Series
2. Nonspermatogenic
Spermatogenic series
-spermatogonia
-spermatocytes
-spermatids
-spermatozoa
Nonspermatogenic
-Sertoli Cells
-Leydig Cells
Sperm cells are genetically diverse because of the _______________
Crossing over or random distortment of Chromosome
which contains the half of the genome & acrosome containing the enzymes
Sperm: Head
containing the mitochondria which provide the ATP for its journey to the egg
Sperm: Middle Piece
for locomotion
Sperm: Tail or Flagella
Human Sperm cell: Size
50-70 μm
Human Sperm Cell: shape
Ovoid
Human Sperm Cell: Number
200 M
Female Reproductive system parts:
-External Parts
-Internal Parts
External Parts
-Clitoris
-Labia (minora & majora)
Internal Parts
-Ovary
-System of Ducts
-Uterus
produces egg cells and hormones
ovary
- Production of offspring by a single parent
- Offspring inherit DNA from only one parent
- Requires less energy than sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction (Development of Asexually Produced Organisms)
End product of Gametogenesis
Haploid Cells (Either Sperm or Egg)
No. Of gametes produced per 1 cycle of gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis: 4 gametes
Oogenesis: 1 gamete
Interruptions in Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis: Uninterrupted
Oogenesis: Will not be completed without interruption of sperm
-produces a clear, viscous secretion known aspre-ejaculate that helps to lubricate the urethra forspermatozoato pass through, neutralizing traces ofacidicurinein the urethra,and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter.
-It is possible for this fluid to pick upsperm in theurethral bulbfrom previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation.
Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland)
-store and secrete a slightlyalkalinefluid, milky or white in appearance,that usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of thesemenalong withspermatozoaandseminal vesiclefluid
-The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm
Prostate gland
secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and arehomologousto bulbourethral glandsin males
Bartholin’s gland
– from conception to birth
– approximately 9 months
Human Gestation TIme
Embryonic development
1-2 months
Fetal Development
3-9 months
Contraceptives blocks what?
1.Releasing & Transport of gametes
2.Fertilization
3. Implantatiom
Types of Contraceptives
- Ovulation-suppressing methods
- Barrier methods (physical and chemical)
- Surgical methods
- Implantation-suppressing methods
- Others
usually contain a combination of hormones that prevent release of FSH and LH, inhibiting development of the follicle so that no oocytes are released
Oral contraceptives
can be implanted under the skin of the upper arm and offer long-term suppression of ovulation
Time-release capsules (e.g. Norplant®)
-fitted over the erect penis
-placed inside the vagina
Barrier Method (Physical):Condom
cap the cervix and block passage of the sperm into the uterus
Barrier Method (Physical): Diaphragm
also covers the cervix
Barrier methods (physical): Cervical Cap
the vas deferens connecting the testes with the urethra is cut and sealed to prevent the transport of sperm
Surgical methods: Vasectomy
kill sperm on contact and must be placed in the vagina prior to intercourse
Barrier methods (chemical): Spermicidal jelly or foam
An implantation-suppressing method that has types of RU-486 and Plan B
Morning-After Pill
-Requires the man to withdraw his penis from the vagina before ejaculation
-Very unreliable
Coitus Interruptus
the oviduct is cut and ends tied off to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus
Surgical method: Tubal ligation
-interferes with the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall
-blocks the action of progesterone, which leads to the non-synthesis of the proteins necessary to begin and maintain pregnancy
RU-486
Physically blocks the fertilized egg from implanting
Implantation-suppressing methods:Intra-uterine device (IUD)
Contains progestin that blocks ovulation, fertilization and implantation
Plan B
-Deliberate removal of the fetus or embryo before it is ready for birth
-Done mechanically (e.g. suction for less than 3 months and surgery for older)
-Done chemically (e.g. RU-486 & prostaglandins) to expel the embryo and the endometrial discharge
Abortion
