Review Questions - Cell Injury 1

Question 1

A sudden increase in intracellular calcium results in which of the following?

a. ATP generation
b. Inhibition of proteases
c. Activation of phospholipases
d. Glycogenesis

Answer 1

c. Activation of phospholipase

Question 2

Under anaerobic conditions caused by ischemia, cells that convert to glycolytic pathways of ATP production:

a. will exhibit elevated intracellular pH
b. will maintain equivalent concentration of ATP
c. must have stored glycogen available
d. convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA
e. have normal concentrations of cAMP

Answer 2

c. must have stored glycogen available

Question 3

Which of the following is characteristic of injury by free radicals?

a. double strand DNA breaks
b. single strand breaks in DNA
c. protein peroxidation
d. breaks in RNA

Answer 3

b. single strand breaks in DNA

Question 4

Which of the following points to irreversible cellular injury?

a. fatty change in hepatocytes
b. neuronal cell swelling
c. skeletal muscle fiber anaerobic glycolysis
d. kidney cell nuclear pyknosis and subsequent karyorrhexis
e. amplification of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

d. kidney cell nuclear pyknosis and subsequent karyorrhexis

Question 5

A 50-year old woman with a history of unstable angina suffers an acute myocardial infarction. A thrombolytic therapy (tPA) is administered early in the course of infarction and successfully restores coronary blood flow. Despite the restored blood flow, continued heart muscle damage occurs most likely due to:

a. cytokeletal intermediate filament loss
b. decreased pH from anaerobic glycolysis
c. the sudden increase in toxic oxygen free radicals
d. mitochondrial swelling
e. separation of ribosomes from endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

c. the sudden increase in toxic oxygen free radicals

Question 6

Which of the following mitochondrial changes triggers cell apoptosis?

a. swelling
b. leakage of cytochrome c
c. increase in size
d. slowed ATP production

Answer 6

b. leakage of cytochrome c

Question 7

What are the four main adaptive responses?

Answer 7

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia

Question 8

What happens to a cell when the adaptive capacity is exceeded?

Answer 8

Cell Injury or Cell Death