REVIEW QUESTIONS Flashcards
What is Communication?
Process by which two or more people share information
Why do people share information?
Request
Reject
Comment
Communication needs
a sender and a receiver
4 Processes of Communication
- Formulation
- Transmission
- Reception
- Comprehension
What does the sender do?
Formulates and then transmits the information being conveyed
What does the receiver do?
Receives and then comprehends the information
What is feedback?
information provided by the receiver to the sender. Makes communication active and dynamic
What ways to we communicate?
rejection (turning away)
smiling
frowning
tight lip
What’s the purpose of communication?
Provide and solicit information
What is modality?
manner in which information is transmitted and received
What ways do we use modalities to communicate
Speech Sign Language Electronic Reading writing tweet, IM, Facebook
Define speech
the neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product
How we transmit the message that we have formulated in our brains
What is language?
Language is a socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols, including words and sounds to represent ideas about the world to others
Socially shared
code
conventional system
representational tool
How is language different from speech?
Speech is the primary means by which language is transmitted
Language is used for formulation and comprehension
Speech is used for transmission
What is Universality
a feature of language
language is ubiquitous
language is complex and every culture has one or many languages
What is species specificity
a feature of language
Language is a human capacity
animals other than humans use iconic communication
Iconic communication
what most animals use to communicate
There is a transparent relationship between what is being communicated and how it is being communicated
What is productivity?
a feature of language
a principle feature of combination
a small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations
we can produce an endless number of ideas and new constructions
40 sounds = almost infinite # of words
What are the 3 rule governed domains of language?
Content- meaning
Form- rules
Use- social
How are the 3 domains of language broken down to be more refined?
Content- the meaning of language. Conveyed through vocabulary
Form- how words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content
Use- how language is used functionally to meet personal and social needs
What are the 5 refined domains of language?
semantics (words) CONTENT syntax (grammar) FORM morphology (intraword) FORM phonology (sounds) FORM pragmatics (appropriateness) USE
Speech involves precise activation of muscles…
Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
What are the four essential building blocks of normal speech?
- Breath Stream
- Voice
- Articulation
- Fluency
How does hearing impact communication?
Hearing is essential to reception and comprehension
Acoustics is…
the study of sound
The 4 sound fundamentals are…
- Creation of sound by source
- Vibration of air particles
- Reception by ear
- Comprehension by the brain
Communication needs…
a sender and a receiver
Sender
the person who formulates and then transmits the information being conveyed
Receiver
the person who receives and then comprehends the information
What is the most common modality for humans?
speech
What is feedback? Why is it important
information provided by the receiver to the sender.
Important because it makes communication active and dynamic
What are the 7 categories of communication?
- Instrumental
- Regulatory
- Interactional
- Personal
- Heuristic
- Imaginative
- Informative
Speech
used for transmission
The neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a reciever
Involves voice and articulators
Features of Language
- Universality
- Species Specific
- Productivity
- Rate of acquisition
Communication breakdown
when the sender and receiver are not on the same page
Frequency
how fast particles (of sound) move back and forth
Pitch
Intensity
How far apart the particles move back and forth
Loudness
Morphology
internal organization of words
words can be manipulated, or morphed to take on a different meaning
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound. distinct sounds that can be made within a language
Phonology
rules of language governing sounds we use to make syllables and words
Pragmatics
the rules of language governing how language is used in society
Semantics
Rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations
Speech Perception
the processing of human speech (different than auditory perception)
Syntax
the rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences (word order rules)
Cultural Competence
The ability of service providers to recognize, honor and respect beliefs, styles, and behaviors of the individuals and families they serve.
An ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds
Cultural tendencies
Patterns of behavior and values that are commonly observed among members of a culture.
African American English
A dialect of standard American English that is a rule-governed systematic linguistic system
Code switching
involves using different linguistic styles for different situations
Sequential bilingual acquisition
learners are exposed to the first language during infancy and to the second language at a later point
English Language Learners
Students who are learning English as their second language
Often over referred for special education services
Language Loss
Demonstrating language loss with respect to the first language as the second language becomes dominate
Great care should be taken in evaluations to account for language loss
Ethnocentrism
the view that members of one’s own culture do things the “right way” and members of other cultures do things in a way that is unnatural, inferior, or barbaric
Multi-cultural
A society characterized by a diversity of cultures with varieties of religions, languages, customs, traditions, and values
Silent Period
When students are first exposed to a second language, many will go through a silent period in the second language and sometimes in the first language as well
Simultaneous bilingual acquisition
when two languages are acquired simultaneously from infancy or shortly thereafter
Stereotype
a fixed, oversimplified image of members of a community
What makes a functional communicator?
a communicator who can formulate, transmit, receive, and comprehend information
Communication Disorder
When a person has significant difficulty in one or more aspects of communication. Significant enough to adversely affect an individual’s ability to participate in the home, school, work, or community
Biological Systems involved in Communication
Hearing Vision Articulators Hemispheres of the Brain Larynx Respiratory System
What could happen if one biological system of communication fails?
A communication impairment
Communication disorder vs Communication different
Culture may influence the way a person communicates, resulting in a communication difference
Cultural Identity
the culture a person identifies with
likely influenced by many dimensions
Types of Communication Disorders
Disorders of Language
Disorders of Speech
Disorders of Hearing Loss
Disorders of feeding and swallowing
When vocal folds are brought together they are…
approximated
Articulation
the act of manipulating air flow submitted by the phonatory system to create highly precise speech sounds
Chief articulators:
Maxilla Mandible Lips Teeth Hard and soft palates tongue
Maxilla
upper jaw
does not move during speech production
Mandible
Lower jaw
Able to open and close and move side to side
important to producing specific speech sounds
Tongue
consists of the tip, blade, and root
most important articulator
manipulated in some principal way in the production of all sounds
Teeth
articulators used for the production of several sounds, though sometimes have little articulatory role
Hard Palate
part of the roof of the mouth
spans from alveolar ride to the end of the body par of the roof of the mouth
Soft Palate
part of the roof of the mouth
aka velum
extends from the hard palate to the uvula
Alveolar ridge
hard bump behind the front of teeth
Uvula
portion of the soft palate that hangs like a teardrop in the back of the oral cavity
Velum
soft palate
Tip
Blade
Root
(of tongue)
apex
front body
dorsum- sits deep within mandible
Voiced vs. unvoiced
Voiced = vibrating vocal folds
Broca’s Area
Important for communication
posterior portion of the left frontal lobe
responsible for fine coordination of speech ouput
Heschl’s Gyrus
aka auditory cortex
represented bilaterally in the left and right hemispheres
Wernicke’s area
within left hemisphere
highly specialized site for language comprehension
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain
What do the CN do?
carry information back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body
Auricle
visible portion of the outer ear
aka pinna
consists of cartilage covered by skin
(earlobe (lobule), tragus, helix))
Cochlea
opens off the other side of the vestibule and consists of a single, luid=filled canal that serves as the organ of hearing
long, body canal, coiled 2 1/2 times into a snail shape
Deglutition
the act of swallowing
Hyoid bone
a horseshoe-shaped bone that floats horizontally at the base of the neck
Larynx is suspended from it.
Communicative competence-
the knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in that language.
Communicative performance
describes a speaker’s actual speech behavior
Joint attention
simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object or event.
Lexicon
mental dictionary. For each word learned, infants create an entry in their lexicon, similar to the boldfaced words in dictionaries
MLU
mean length of utterance. Average number of words per utterance
Vocabulary spurt
aka word spurt/naming explosion. A remarkable increase in the rate of vocabulary acquisition where children will learn 7-9 words/day.
What are the parts of the outer ear?
- Auricle
- External auditory canal
- Tympanic membrane
Why is the outer ear important for hearing? What does it do?
- Serves as the entry point into the human hearing apparatus for sound waves
- Funnel shape helps gather sound waves and channel them inward
What are the parts of the middle ear?
• Eustachian tube
o Runs from middle ear to the pharynx and serves as a pressure equalizing tube for the middle ear space
• Malleus, incus, and stapes bones—ossicles (form ossicular chain)
Why is the middle ear important for hearing? What does it do?
• Vibrations of the TM (sound waves) are converted into mechanical energy through the three ossicles
What are the parts of the inner ear?
- Fluid filled cavity deep inside the temporal bone/behind eye socket
- Vestibule
- Semicircular canals
- Cochlea
Why is the inner ear important for hearing? What does it do?
• Converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
What is the auditory nerve? Which CN is it?
- Part of cranial nerve VIII (8)
- The hairs of the organ of Corti are connected to the bundle of nerve fibers that exits the cochlea and travels to the brain
Where does the auditory signal go once it has arrived at the auditory nerve?
• Transports the auditory information (now in the form on neural energy) from the cochlea to the brain stem, midbrain, and finally the cerebrum
What are the U.S. demographics?
- 23.1 M reported speaking another language other than English in 1980
- 57.1 M reported speaking another language other than English in 2010
- Languages being spoken are shifting (English & European Languages to Spanish)
How is the U.S. population changing?
- Overall population is growing
* # of ELLs increase by 51% (1997-2009)
Why is it important for SLPs to be culturally competent?
- Distinguish cultural differences form disorders
- Avoid mislabeling or misdiagnosing
- Recognize cultural and linguistic differences
What is multiculturalism?
• A society in which people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, age groups, geographic areas, and other variables come together
What is diversity?
- Concept encompasses acceptance and respect
- Understanding that each individual is unique
- Recognizing and respecting individual differences
What is disability culture?
• Disability can be represented as a culture, though the range of differences among the disabled is enormous
What is a disability?
• Someone who has a major life impairment preventing them from participating easily in a major activity such as walking, seeing, hearing, thinking
Define Equity
- Refers to the principle of fairness
- Often used interchangeably with equality
- Equity is the process, equality is the outcome
Articulation impairment
- The inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly
- Often includes distortions or other sound substitution errors
Dialect
• A speech and language variation that is characteristic of a group of speakers from a particular region within a country
Foreign accent
Speech in which characteristics are carried over from one language into another
International phonetic alphabet
• A phonetic alphabet that includes symbols to represent the sounds in al natural languages of the world
Manner of production
• Describes how a sound is produced
Phonological impairment
• Involves the rules that govern sound patterns in a given language
Placement of production
• Describes where a sound is produced
Speech sound disorder
- An impairment of an individual’s sound system that results in a significant problem with speech sound production
- Substitutions, omissions, deletion of sounds, addition of sounds, can be specific or sound patterns
Speech variation
- The differences in speech that arise from a dialect or foreign accent
- Normal aspect of language
Voicing parameters for English Cs
- Place of production
- Manner of production
- voicing
What is communicative competence?
• The knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in that language
What is communicative performance?
• Describes a speaker’s actual speech behavior
Can you give examples of communicative competence?
- Modifying vocabulary choices, sentence structure, pitch, volume, body posture
- Speaking in grammatically correct sentences
- Has a sense of how, where, when, and with whom to speak
What are the two main characteristics needed for communication competence?
- Pragmatic Competence
* Linguistic Competence
Can you give examples of linguistic vs pragmatic competence?
- Linguistic aspects relate to the nature and structure of language and include phonological competence, grammatical competence, lexical competence, and discourse competence
- Pragmatic aspects relate to the social contexts in which we use language. Take conversational partner’s attitudes, values, and beliefs into account when communicating
What are the three developmental phases that characterize infancy?
- Phase 1: Birth-6 months
- Phase 2: 6 months- 1 year
- Phase 3: 1 yr +
When does joint attention emerge?
• Phase 2
When does intentional communication emerge?
• 7-12 months
What are rituals of infancy?
- Feeding
- Bathing
- Dressing
- Sleeping
• Reflexive stage
0-2months
Can you ID the language milestones by number of months
- Reflexive stage 0-2months
- Control of Phonation 1-4months
- Expansion 3-8months
- Basic Canonical Syllables 4-10months
- Advanced Forms 9-18months
- Emergence of Intentionality 7-12months
What is non-reduplicated babbling?
• Nonrepeating consonant-vowel combinations
What is reduplicated babbling?
• Repeating consonant-vowel pairs
How many words does a typical 12-18 month know?
• 50 expressively
How many words do preschoolers typically learn in a day
• 2.4 root words per day
When do the “pre-school years start?”
• 3-5 years
What is contextualized language? Can you give an example?
- Rooted in the here and now
* “give me that”
What is decontextualized language? Can you provide an example?
- Beyond the hear and now
* “my mom made me a cake yesterday”
What is emergent literacy?
• Used to explain a child’s knowledge of reading and writing before learning to read and write
What is literate language?
- Language that is used to monitor and reflect on experience, and reason about, plan, and predict experiences
- Requires the child to use language without the aid of context cues to support meaning
What is a speech variation?
- Differences in speech that arise from a dialect or foreign accent
- Normal aspect of speech
What are the three aspects of speech variation?
- The nature of dialects and foreign accents
- The speech characteristics of dialects and foreign accents (to distinguish speech difference from speech disorder)
- The standards in a child’s speech community that may affect a child with SSD
What is IPA?
• International Phonetic Alphabet
What are the three broad parameters of English Consonants?
- Place of production
- Manner of production
- Voicing
How are vowels characterized?
- Tongue height
- Tongue advancement
- Roundness
- Tension
What is the normal acquisition of specific speech sounds?
- Prelinguistic (birth-1yr)
- First Words (12-18mo)
- Phonemic Period (18mo-4yrs)
- Stabilization Period (4-8yrs)
Reflexive stage
0-2months
Control of Phonation
1-4months
Expansion
3-8months
Basic Canonical Syllables
4-10months
Advanced Forms
9-18months
Emergence of Intentionality
7-12months
Voice Disorders
- Difficulties with voice production
* Is caused by damage to the vocal chords or misuse of voice
Two major Motor Speech Disorders
Apraxia and Dysarthria
Motor Speech Disorders
• Attributable to a dysfunction of nervous system, which controls one’s physical stream of speech
Cultural Relativism
• Everyone has a different way of doing things and they are all equally valid
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
• The process of finding the most effective way of a client’s plan by implementing different perspectives through the clinician’s observations
3 perspectives of EBP
o scientific evidence
o clinical expertise
o client perspective
Phonation’s Key structures
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
• Dendrites
receive signals
• Axons
transmit signals
Synapse
junction where the axon transmits signals to other neurons
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that carry information from one neuron to another.
Myelination
most axons are coated in myelin. It contributes to the rapid relay of nerve impulses and helps in protecting the neuron
Brain is Divided into 3 units
• 1. Forebrain• 2. Midbrain• 3. Hindbrain
Forebrain
o the largest and most developed unit of the brain. Mainly consists of the cerebrum (holds memories), allows you to make plans and enables you to image and think
Midbrain
o located at the uppermost part of the brainstem. Controls some reflex actions. Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, alertness, and temperature regulation
Hindbrain
includes the upper part of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. It controls the body’s vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
Lobes of the brain
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
• Frontal
o Largest of the lobes
o Located behind the forehead
o Main functions are motor planning and execution
• Left frontal lobe is involved in language and related movement
• Right frontal lobe controls mostly nonverbal activities
• Parietal
o Located behind the frontal lobe
• Helps with comprehension or oral and written communication
Solving word problems
Sitting in a lecture
• Occipital
o Located behind the parietal lobe
• Receives and processes visual information
• Allows the distinction of words and helps with reading
• Temporal
o Located behind the frontal lobe and below the parietal lobe
o Main functions:
• auditory processing
• smell
• long-term memory
• emotional responses
• Right temporal lobe: recognizing faces and talking
• Left: remembering spoken language and recognizing words
Linguistic Competence
- Phonological
- Grammatical
- Lexical
- Discourse
Pragmatic Competence
- Functional
- Sociolinguistic
- Interactional
- cultural
o Form refinement
mastering complex syntax or advanced grammatical structure
o Context Refinement
development of student’s lexicon
