Lecture Slides Exam 1 Flashcards
Communication
process by which 2 or more people share info
Processes of Communication
FormulationTransmissionReceptionComprehension
Feedback
info provided by the receiver to the sendermakes communication active and dynamic
Manner
describes the manner in which info is transmitted and received
Communication needs…
a sender and a receiver
Types of Feedback
LinguisticNon-linguisticParalinguistic
Purpose of Communication
to provide and solicit information
Seven Categories of Communication
InstrumentalRegulatoryInteractionalPersonalHeuristicImaginativeInformative
Instrumental communication
asking for something
Regulatory Communication
giving directions/directing others
Interactional Communication
used to interact/converse in a social way
Personal Communication
used to express state of mind or feelings
Heuristic Communication
find out info or to inquire
Imaginative Communication
tell a story or role play
Informative Communication
gives an organized description
Effective Communication
Occurs when info is successfully shared between a sender and receiverNo breakdown in formulation, transmission, reception, or comprehension
Effective Communicators abide by 4 principles
Quantity - gives the right amount of infoQuality - are accurate and truthfulRelevance - maintain the topicManner - talk at right pace, takes pauses, appropriate loudness and pitch, engage in eye contact
Essential ingredients to human communication
Languagespeechhearing
Language
describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughtsonce formulated we communicate them orally to others through speechsocially sharedcodeconventionalrepresentational tool
Features of Language
UniversalitySpecies SpecificityProductivityRate of Acquisition
Universality
A feature of Language: is complex and every human culture has one or many
Species Specificity
A feature of Language: is a human capacity
Iconic Communication
transparent relation between what is being communicated (animals that are NOT human use this)
Productivity
A feature of Language: the principle feature of combinationsmall # of sounds can make seemingly infinite creations
Rate of Acquisition
A feature of Language: Remarkable3 year olds have vocabulary of thousands of words5 words @ 12mo50 words @ 18mo
Language Domains (3)
ContentFormUse
Transmission
the process of conveying ideas to another person, often by speaking but also by signing, gesturing, or writing
Reception
the process of receiving information from another person
Formulation
the process of pulling together one’s thoughts or ideas before sharing them with another
Comprehension
the process of making sense of the information
Non-Linguistic Feedback
includes eye contact, facial expressions, posture, proximity (supplements linguistic feedback)
Paralinguistic feedback
use of pitchloudnesspausing
Content
Language Domain:the meaning of languageconveyed through our vocabulary
Form
Language Domain:how words, sentences, and sounds are ORGANIZED and arranged to convey content
Use
Language Domain:how language is used functionally to meet personal and social needs
5 Language Domains
semantics (content) -wordssyntax (form) - grammarmorphology (form) - intrawordphonology (form) - soundspragmatics (use) - appropriate
semantics
rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences
Morphology
rules of language governing the internal organization of words
Phonology
rules governing the sounds we use to make syllables or words
Pragmatics
rules governing how language is used for social purposesuse language for different purposes (communication function)organize language for discourse (conversation)knowing what to say and when to say it (social conventions)–word choice, turn taking, posture, gestures, eye contact, proximity, pitch, loudness, pausing
Speech
neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product
Systems involved in speech
respiration- trachea and lungsphonation- epiglottis, larynxarticulation- nasal cavity, hard palate, maxilla, lips, mandible
Oral Articulators
TongueTeethJaw
4 Essential Building Blocks of Normal Speech
Breath StreamVoiceArticulationFluency
Breath Stream
Speech begins on exhalation, must be consistent and even
Voice
strong and even voice needed…quality can affect speechBreathy, hoarse, broken, nasal, too loud, too soft etc..can be distracting
Articulation
requires precision
Fluency
produced effortlessly and smoothlyno hesitationsfew interjectionsfew circumlocutions (talking around a topic)
audition
perception of sound, perception of speech, hearing
speech perception
the processing of human speech
Acoustics
study of sound
4 Steps for getting a sound to your brain:(Sound Fundamentals)
- Creation of sound by source2. Vibration of air particles3. Reception by ear4. Comprehension by brain
Communication Disorder
when a person has SIGNIFICANT difficulty in one or more aspects of communication
Significant
serious enough to adversely affect the individual’s ability to participate in the home, school, work, or community
Biological systems involved in communication:
hearing, visual, articulators, hemispheres of our brains, larynx, respiratory system
Communicators are functional when they can…
formulatetransmitreceivecomprehend
Aphasia
communication disorder resulting form a stroke…difficulty with word finding or fluency (Formulation)
ALS, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s….have difficulty with what part of language?
Transmission (may have well formulated message
Classifications of Communication Disorders
Disorders of LanguageDisorders of SpeechDisorders of Hearing Lossdisorders of feeding and swallowing
Disorders of Language
significant breakdown in the linguistic systemImpacts one or more domains-semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, pragmatics12% of children have a language disorder
Child Language Disorders
most common disordersdifficulty with development of semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, pragmatics developmental or acured
developmental disorders
present at or soon after birthsymptoms are manifested as children develop
Acquired disorders
occur at any ageresult of an injury
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Significant disorder in language in the absence of a developmental disabilityAffects about 7% of children
Developmental Language Disorders
Children are highly susceptible to having trouble in…
- reading
- learning to read
- dyslexia
- difficulty making associations between sounds (phonemes) and letters
- makes learning to read difficult
Adult Language Disorders
can range from adults with developmental SLI to acquired disorders
Dyslexia
significant problems with the phonological domain of language
Aphasia
LANGUAGE DISORDER due to damage to the brain - consequence of stroke -traumatic brain injury TBI - gut shot wounds - 80,000 people in US dx each year most are 65 years or older
Aphasia can be
difficulties in complex language tasks
- reading and writing
- following directives
- receptive language
- expressive language
Disorders of Speech
breakdown in one or more of the speech production systems
- Respirations
- Phonation
- Articulation
Articulation and Phonological Disorders
Speech production impairments
- Distortions
- Substitutions
- Omissions of speech sounds
most common in young children
10% of all children
Articulation Disorders
occurs at the site of speech output
attributable to some sort of structural problem
articulatory placement
common consequence of cleft palate
Phonological Disorders
Problem in the perceptual representation of speech sounds
underdeveloped or faulty representations of speech sounds undermine production
viewed as disorders of language
evidenced by speech sound production errors
Fluency Disorders
synonym for stuttering
characterized by abnormally high rate or duration of breaks in the continuity of spoken language
- repetitions
- prolongations of sounds
- complete blockage of airflow
- accompanied by body movements
- adults are typically tense and dislike speaking situations
- young children (especially boys) go through normal stage of dysfluency
Voice Disorders
Characterized by difficulties with voice production
Aphonia or Dysphonia
Aphonia
complete lack of voice
Dysphonia
hoarseness, breathiness, harshness of voice
Severe Injuries to vocal folds
laryngeal cancer
vocal fold paralysis
can result in a voice disorder
Motor Speech Disorders
Communication disorders characterized by distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds
Attributable to a dysfunction in the NERVOUS SYSTEM or structural damage that controls the motor output of speech
sometimes called neurogenic speech disorders
Apraxia or Dysarthria–can affect adults and children
Hearing Loss
Occurs when there is a breakdown in reception or transmission of sound along the auditory pathway
Auditory Processing Disorders
breakdown in the processing of speech sounds in the auditory center of the brain
poor listening skills, difficulty paying attention, following multiple step direction, slow processing time, impaired language, impaired literacy
Dysphagia
swallowing disorder
issues with chewing, managing food orally, triggering a swallow, maintaining a swallow
can be the result of a nervous system dysfunction
Cultural Competence
recognizing cultural and linguistic differences
distinguishing cultural differences from disorders
avoid mislabeling or misdiagnosing
Culture
behavior, objects, and beliefs interacting together in a kind of ongoing dramatic production that represents issues and concepts of meaning for a particular society or group
Bio-cultural
we are biological beings that consist of physical, chemical and other biological processes
Multicultural
used to describe a society in which people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, age groups, geographic areas, and other variables come together
describes a society in which each individual is respected and valued for his contribution to the whole
Diversity
understanding that each individual is unique
recognizing differences
accepting and respecting them
Disability Culture
the range within this culture is enormous
Disability
major life impairment preventing a person from participating easily in a major activity such as walking, seeing , hearing, thinking
Communicative Competence
knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in a particular language
have linguistic and pragmatic elements of language
Communicative Performance
a communicators actual speech behavior
normal communicators make 10 errors every 10 words
Categories of Communication Competence
Linguistic Competence
Pragmatic Competence
Linguistic Competence Consists of…
Phonological Competence
Grammatical Competence
Lexical Competence
Discourse Competence
Phonological Competence
Ability to recognized and produce distinctive, meaningful sounds of language…phonemes
Over the first year of life, infants ability to perceive speech sounds in their native language or languages…
improves
Grammatical Competence
ability to recognize and effectively produce the syntactic and morphological structures of language
Lexical Competence
ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of language use
Language spoken to infants is highly…
contextualized
Discourse Competence
ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently
speech even rather than individual words/sounds is the unit of analysis
can you understand the ideas expressed across the entire speech event?
Pragmatic Competence includes…
Functional Competence
Interactional Competence
Sociolinguistic Competence
Cultural Competence
Functional Competence
the ability to communication in a language for a variety of purposes
- thoughts/feelings
- requests
- comment
- reject
Sociolinguistic competence
ability to interpret the social meaning that language conveys and to choose language that is socially appropriate for communicative situations
Speech register
the variety of speech appropriate for the particular speech situation (formal vs informal)
Interactional Competence
the ability to understand and apply implicit rules for interaction in various communication situations
initiating and managing conversations appropriately
adhering to accepted body language
eye contact, proximity
Cultural Competence
the ability to function effectively in cultural contexts, both by interpreting behavior correctly and by behaving in a way that would be considered appropriate by members of the culture
3 developmental phases that characterize infancy
- attendance to social partners
- emergence and coordination of joint attention
- transition to language
portion of the ear that is fluid filled, in the temporal lobe, behind the eye socket
inner ear
Caregiver responsiveness
caregiver’s attention and sensitivity to infant’s vocalizations and communicative attempts
Serves as the organ of hearing
Cochlea
What age group would we most likely find children misusing pronouns an uninflected verb forms?
Toddlerhood
Speech Delay
difficulty developing and using the sounds of their native language
Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)
an impairment of an individual’s sound system that results in a significant problem with speech sound production
Described as substitutions, omissions, deletion of sounds, addition of sounds, can be specific or sound patterns
Articulation impairment
(speech sound disorder) inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly
Phonological Impairment
(speech sound disorder) difficulty with the sound patterns in a language
Dialect
a speech and language variation that is characteristic of a group of speakers from a particular region within a country.
3 aspects of speech variation
- the nature of dialects and foreign accents
- speech characteristics of dialects and foreign accents
- standards in a child’s speech community that may affect a child with an SSD
IPA symbols are called…
graphemes
3 Parameters of English Consonants
- Place of articulation (where it’s produced)
- Manner of production (how it’s produced)
- Voicing (voiced or voiceless)
Parameters of English Vowels
- Tongue height (high, mid, low)
- Tongue advancement (front, central, back)
- Roundedness (rounded, neutral, unround)
- Tension (tense, lax)
Emergent Literacy involves children’s engagement in activities in
oral language, phonological awareness, print awareness, and alphabet awareness
