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301 Speech Pathology > Lecture Slides Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Slides Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

process by which 2 or more people share info

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2
Q

Processes of Communication

A

FormulationTransmissionReceptionComprehension

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3
Q

Feedback

A

info provided by the receiver to the sendermakes communication active and dynamic

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4
Q

Manner

A

describes the manner in which info is transmitted and received

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5
Q

Communication needs…

A

a sender and a receiver

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6
Q

Types of Feedback

A

LinguisticNon-linguisticParalinguistic

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7
Q

Purpose of Communication

A

to provide and solicit information

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8
Q

Seven Categories of Communication

A

InstrumentalRegulatoryInteractionalPersonalHeuristicImaginativeInformative

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9
Q

Instrumental communication

A

asking for something

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10
Q

Regulatory Communication

A

giving directions/directing others

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11
Q

Interactional Communication

A

used to interact/converse in a social way

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12
Q

Personal Communication

A

used to express state of mind or feelings

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13
Q

Heuristic Communication

A

find out info or to inquire

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14
Q

Imaginative Communication

A

tell a story or role play

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15
Q

Informative Communication

A

gives an organized description

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16
Q

Effective Communication

A

Occurs when info is successfully shared between a sender and receiverNo breakdown in formulation, transmission, reception, or comprehension

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17
Q

Effective Communicators abide by 4 principles

A

Quantity - gives the right amount of infoQuality - are accurate and truthfulRelevance - maintain the topicManner - talk at right pace, takes pauses, appropriate loudness and pitch, engage in eye contact

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18
Q

Essential ingredients to human communication

A

Languagespeechhearing

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19
Q

Language

A

describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughtsonce formulated we communicate them orally to others through speechsocially sharedcodeconventionalrepresentational tool

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20
Q

Features of Language

A

UniversalitySpecies SpecificityProductivityRate of Acquisition

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21
Q

Universality

A

A feature of Language: is complex and every human culture has one or many

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22
Q

Species Specificity

A

A feature of Language: is a human capacity

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23
Q

Iconic Communication

A

transparent relation between what is being communicated (animals that are NOT human use this)

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24
Q

Productivity

A

A feature of Language: the principle feature of combinationsmall # of sounds can make seemingly infinite creations

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25
Q

Rate of Acquisition

A

A feature of Language: Remarkable3 year olds have vocabulary of thousands of words5 words @ 12mo50 words @ 18mo

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26
Q

Language Domains (3)

A

ContentFormUse

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27
Q

Transmission

A

the process of conveying ideas to another person, often by speaking but also by signing, gesturing, or writing

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28
Q

Reception

A

the process of receiving information from another person

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29
Q

Formulation

A

the process of pulling together one’s thoughts or ideas before sharing them with another

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30
Q

Comprehension

A

the process of making sense of the information

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31
Q

Non-Linguistic Feedback

A

includes eye contact, facial expressions, posture, proximity (supplements linguistic feedback)

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32
Q

Paralinguistic feedback

A

use of pitchloudnesspausing

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33
Q

Content

A

Language Domain:the meaning of languageconveyed through our vocabulary

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34
Q

Form

A

Language Domain:how words, sentences, and sounds are ORGANIZED and arranged to convey content

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35
Q

Use

A

Language Domain:how language is used functionally to meet personal and social needs

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36
Q

5 Language Domains

A

semantics (content) -wordssyntax (form) - grammarmorphology (form) - intrawordphonology (form) - soundspragmatics (use) - appropriate

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37
Q

semantics

A

rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences

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38
Q

Morphology

A

rules of language governing the internal organization of words

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39
Q

Phonology

A

rules governing the sounds we use to make syllables or words

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40
Q

Pragmatics

A

rules governing how language is used for social purposesuse language for different purposes (communication function)organize language for discourse (conversation)knowing what to say and when to say it (social conventions)–word choice, turn taking, posture, gestures, eye contact, proximity, pitch, loudness, pausing

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41
Q

Speech

A

neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product

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42
Q

Systems involved in speech

A

respiration- trachea and lungsphonation- epiglottis, larynxarticulation- nasal cavity, hard palate, maxilla, lips, mandible

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43
Q

Oral Articulators

A

TongueTeethJaw

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44
Q

4 Essential Building Blocks of Normal Speech

A

Breath StreamVoiceArticulationFluency

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45
Q

Breath Stream

A

Speech begins on exhalation, must be consistent and even

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46
Q

Voice

A

strong and even voice needed…quality can affect speechBreathy, hoarse, broken, nasal, too loud, too soft etc..can be distracting

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47
Q

Articulation

A

requires precision

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48
Q

Fluency

A

produced effortlessly and smoothlyno hesitationsfew interjectionsfew circumlocutions (talking around a topic)

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49
Q

audition

A

perception of sound, perception of speech, hearing

50
Q

speech perception

A

the processing of human speech

51
Q

Acoustics

A

study of sound

52
Q

4 Steps for getting a sound to your brain:(Sound Fundamentals)

A
  1. Creation of sound by source2. Vibration of air particles3. Reception by ear4. Comprehension by brain
53
Q

Communication Disorder

A

when a person has SIGNIFICANT difficulty in one or more aspects of communication

54
Q

Significant

A

serious enough to adversely affect the individual’s ability to participate in the home, school, work, or community

55
Q

Biological systems involved in communication:

A

hearing, visual, articulators, hemispheres of our brains, larynx, respiratory system

56
Q

Communicators are functional when they can…

A

formulatetransmitreceivecomprehend

57
Q

Aphasia

A

communication disorder resulting form a stroke…difficulty with word finding or fluency (Formulation)

58
Q

ALS, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s….have difficulty with what part of language?

A

Transmission (may have well formulated message

59
Q

Classifications of Communication Disorders

A

Disorders of LanguageDisorders of SpeechDisorders of Hearing Lossdisorders of feeding and swallowing

60
Q

Disorders of Language

A

significant breakdown in the linguistic systemImpacts one or more domains-semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, pragmatics12% of children have a language disorder

61
Q

Child Language Disorders

A

most common disordersdifficulty with development of semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, pragmatics developmental or acured

62
Q

developmental disorders

A

present at or soon after birthsymptoms are manifested as children develop

63
Q

Acquired disorders

A

occur at any ageresult of an injury

64
Q

Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

A

Significant disorder in language in the absence of a developmental disabilityAffects about 7% of children

65
Q

Developmental Language Disorders

A

Children are highly susceptible to having trouble in…

  • reading
  • learning to read
  • dyslexia
  • difficulty making associations between sounds (phonemes) and letters
  • makes learning to read difficult
66
Q

Adult Language Disorders

A

can range from adults with developmental SLI to acquired disorders

67
Q

Dyslexia

A

significant problems with the phonological domain of language

68
Q

Aphasia

A 
LANGUAGE DISORDER due to damage to the brain
- consequence of stroke
-traumatic brain injury TBI
- gut shot wounds
- 80,000 people in US dx each year
most are 65 years or older
69
Q

Aphasia can be

A

difficulties in complex language tasks

  • reading and writing
  • following directives
  • receptive language
  • expressive language
70
Q

Disorders of Speech

A

breakdown in one or more of the speech production systems

  1. Respirations
  2. Phonation
  3. Articulation
71
Q

Articulation and Phonological Disorders

A

Speech production impairments

  • Distortions
  • Substitutions
  • Omissions of speech sounds

most common in young children
10% of all children

72
Q

Articulation Disorders

A

occurs at the site of speech output
attributable to some sort of structural problem
articulatory placement
common consequence of cleft palate

73
Q

Phonological Disorders

A

Problem in the perceptual representation of speech sounds
underdeveloped or faulty representations of speech sounds undermine production
viewed as disorders of language
evidenced by speech sound production errors

74
Q

Fluency Disorders

A

synonym for stuttering

characterized by abnormally high rate or duration of breaks in the continuity of spoken language

  • repetitions
  • prolongations of sounds
  • complete blockage of airflow
  • accompanied by body movements
  • adults are typically tense and dislike speaking situations
  • young children (especially boys) go through normal stage of dysfluency
75
Q

Voice Disorders

A

Characterized by difficulties with voice production

Aphonia or Dysphonia

76
Q

Aphonia

A

complete lack of voice

77
Q

Dysphonia

A

hoarseness, breathiness, harshness of voice

78
Q

Severe Injuries to vocal folds

A

laryngeal cancer
vocal fold paralysis

can result in a voice disorder

79
Q

Motor Speech Disorders

A

Communication disorders characterized by distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds

Attributable to a dysfunction in the NERVOUS SYSTEM or structural damage that controls the motor output of speech

sometimes called neurogenic speech disorders

Apraxia or Dysarthria–can affect adults and children

80
Q

Hearing Loss

A

Occurs when there is a breakdown in reception or transmission of sound along the auditory pathway

81
Q

Auditory Processing Disorders

A

breakdown in the processing of speech sounds in the auditory center of the brain

poor listening skills, difficulty paying attention, following multiple step direction, slow processing time, impaired language, impaired literacy

82
Q

Dysphagia

A

swallowing disorder

issues with chewing, managing food orally, triggering a swallow, maintaining a swallow

can be the result of a nervous system dysfunction

83
Q

Cultural Competence

A

recognizing cultural and linguistic differences
distinguishing cultural differences from disorders
avoid mislabeling or misdiagnosing

84
Q

Culture

A

behavior, objects, and beliefs interacting together in a kind of ongoing dramatic production that represents issues and concepts of meaning for a particular society or group

85
Q

Bio-cultural

A

we are biological beings that consist of physical, chemical and other biological processes

86
Q

Multicultural

A

used to describe a society in which people from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic groups, age groups, geographic areas, and other variables come together

describes a society in which each individual is respected and valued for his contribution to the whole

87
Q

Diversity

A

understanding that each individual is unique
recognizing differences
accepting and respecting them

88
Q

Disability Culture

A

the range within this culture is enormous

89
Q

Disability

A

major life impairment preventing a person from participating easily in a major activity such as walking, seeing , hearing, thinking

90
Q

Communicative Competence

A

knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in a particular language

have linguistic and pragmatic elements of language

91
Q

Communicative Performance

A

a communicators actual speech behavior

normal communicators make 10 errors every 10 words

92
Q

Categories of Communication Competence

A

Linguistic Competence

Pragmatic Competence

93
Q

Linguistic Competence Consists of…

A

Phonological Competence
Grammatical Competence
Lexical Competence
Discourse Competence

94
Q

Phonological Competence

A

Ability to recognized and produce distinctive, meaningful sounds of language…phonemes

95
Q

Over the first year of life, infants ability to perceive speech sounds in their native language or languages…

A

improves

96
Q

Grammatical Competence

A

ability to recognize and effectively produce the syntactic and morphological structures of language

97
Q

Lexical Competence

A

ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of language use

98
Q

Language spoken to infants is highly…

A

contextualized

99
Q

Discourse Competence

A

ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently

speech even rather than individual words/sounds is the unit of analysis

can you understand the ideas expressed across the entire speech event?

100
Q

Pragmatic Competence includes…

A

Functional Competence
Interactional Competence
Sociolinguistic Competence
Cultural Competence

101
Q

Functional Competence

A

the ability to communication in a language for a variety of purposes

  • thoughts/feelings
  • requests
  • comment
  • reject
102
Q

Sociolinguistic competence

A

ability to interpret the social meaning that language conveys and to choose language that is socially appropriate for communicative situations

103
Q

Speech register

A

the variety of speech appropriate for the particular speech situation (formal vs informal)

104
Q

Interactional Competence

A

the ability to understand and apply implicit rules for interaction in various communication situations

initiating and managing conversations appropriately
adhering to accepted body language
eye contact, proximity

105
Q

Cultural Competence

A

the ability to function effectively in cultural contexts, both by interpreting behavior correctly and by behaving in a way that would be considered appropriate by members of the culture

106
Q

3 developmental phases that characterize infancy

A
  1. attendance to social partners
  2. emergence and coordination of joint attention
  3. transition to language
107
Q

portion of the ear that is fluid filled, in the temporal lobe, behind the eye socket

A

inner ear

108
Q

Caregiver responsiveness

A

caregiver’s attention and sensitivity to infant’s vocalizations and communicative attempts

109
Q

Serves as the organ of hearing

A

Cochlea

110
Q

What age group would we most likely find children misusing pronouns an uninflected verb forms?

A

Toddlerhood

111
Q

Speech Delay

A

difficulty developing and using the sounds of their native language

112
Q

Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)

A

an impairment of an individual’s sound system that results in a significant problem with speech sound production

Described as substitutions, omissions, deletion of sounds, addition of sounds, can be specific or sound patterns

113
Q

Articulation impairment

A

(speech sound disorder) inability to articulate certain speech sounds correctly

114
Q

Phonological Impairment

A

(speech sound disorder) difficulty with the sound patterns in a language

115
Q

Dialect

A

a speech and language variation that is characteristic of a group of speakers from a particular region within a country.

116
Q

3 aspects of speech variation

A
  1. the nature of dialects and foreign accents
  2. speech characteristics of dialects and foreign accents
  3. standards in a child’s speech community that may affect a child with an SSD
117
Q

IPA symbols are called…

A

graphemes

118
Q

3 Parameters of English Consonants

A
  1. Place of articulation (where it’s produced)
  2. Manner of production (how it’s produced)
  3. Voicing (voiced or voiceless)
119
Q

Parameters of English Vowels

A
  1. Tongue height (high, mid, low)
  2. Tongue advancement (front, central, back)
  3. Roundedness (rounded, neutral, unround)
  4. Tension (tense, lax)
120
Q

Emergent Literacy involves children’s engagement in activities in

A

oral language, phonological awareness, print awareness, and alphabet awareness

301 Speech Pathology (3 decks)

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