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Review of Radiation Protection > Review Questions > Flashcards

Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

According to NCRP Report #160, natural background radiation represents what percentage of humans?
1. 21%
2. 50%
3. 82%
4. 5%

A

82%

Most comes from radon Gas

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2
Q

According to NCRP Report #160, the greatest source of natural background radiation exposure is what?

A

Radon gas

Radon gas accounts for 50% of human’s total expsure

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3
Q

Cosmic Radiation:
1. Is present only in space
2. Is a source of exposure only to persons who lie in the sun
3. Is of concern only to space travelers
4. Is greater at higher altitudes because of a thinner atmospheric shield

A

Is greater at higher altitudes because of a thinner atmospheric shield

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4
Q

Radon Gas:
1. Presents a danger when undetected
2. 2. Is present in doses proportional to other sources
3. Is entirely human-made
4. Is the source of 100% of annual background dose

A

Presents a danger when undetected

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5
Q

X-ray and gamma rays used in diagnostic imaging are:
1. Not of concern because the beam is filtered
2. Part of the natural background dose
3. Part of an artificial background radiation dose
4. An insignificant dose to the general population because they are used safely

A

Part of an artificial background radiation dose

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6
Q

A Personnel monitoring device that is accurate to 1 mrem is the:
1. Thermoluminescent dosimeter
2. Film badge
3. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
4. Pocket ionazation chamber

A

Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter

TLDs - 5 mrem
Film Badge - 10 mrem

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7
Q

The greatest exposure of human-produced radiation exposure is?
1. Radon gas
2. Medical x-rays and gamma ray imaging procedures
3. MRI scans
4. Sonograms

A

Medical x-rays and gamma ray imaging procedures

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8
Q

Which of the following is not part of background radiation?
1. Dental rays
2. Microwave ovens
3. Radon Gas
4. Weapons testing

A

Microwave ovens

Microvaves do not emit ionizaing radiation

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9
Q

Which of the following occurs at greater than 1.02 million electron volts?
1. Photoelectic interaction
2. Comptom interaction
3. Classic scatter
4. Pair production

A

Pair Production

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10
Q

Which of the following is also known as “coherent scattering”?
1. Photoelectric interaction
2. Compton Interaction
3. Classic Scatter
4. Pair production

A

Classic Scattering

This form of scatter has no effect on the image below 70 kVp

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11
Q

Which of the folowing photon-tissue interactions does not occure in diagnostic imaging?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Pair Production

Only occurs above 1.02 million elctron volts

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12
Q

Which of the following is responsible for producting contrast on the radiograph?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Photoelectric interaction

Coherent scatter produces fog which affects it but doesn’t produce it

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13
Q

Which of the following produces scatter radiation that exits the pt & may fog the radiograph?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Coherent Scatter

Scatter thats not absorbed by a grid may strike the IR & reduce contrast

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14
Q

Which of the following produces scatter as a result of vibration of orbital electrons?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Coherent scatter

AKA classical or Thompson scattering

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15
Q

Which of the following results in total absorption of an incident x-ray photon?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Photoelectric interaction

Complete depletion of energy results in contrast on image.

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16
Q

Which of the following is the only photo-tissue interaction that does not result in ionization?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Coherent scatter

No electrons are removed from the atom being struck

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17
Q

Which of the following involves interaction between an incident photon & an atomic nucleus?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Pair Production

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18
Q

Which of the following photo-tissue interactions primarily involves K-shell electrons?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Photoelectric interaction

Occurs as incident photons deposit their energy into the K-shell

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19
Q

Which of the following primarily involves loosley bound outer-shell electrons?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Compton interaction

Both electron and photon scatter; atom becomes ionized

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20
Q

Which of the following results in the production of a photoelectron that is ejected from the atom?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Photoelectron interatcion

Inner-shell is ejected becoming a photoelectron; atom is now ionized

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21
Q

Which of the following photo-tissue interaction necessutates the use of a grid?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Compton interaction

Produces scatter, Grid is used to absorb it before it hits the IR

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22
Q

What is the traditional unit of measurment that equals 100 ergs of energy deposited per grams of tissue?

A

RAD - Radiation absorbed dose

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23
Q

Which of the following may result in occupational exposure for a radiographer?
1. Photoelectric Interaction
2. Compton interaction
3. Coherent scatter
4. Pair production

A

Compton interaction

“if your in compton, you better scatter”

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24
Q

What is the traditional unit of measurement that is derived from multiplying rad by a radiation weighting factor?

A

Rem

Equivalent dose - accounts for bio effects w/ different radiation

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25
Q

What unit would be used to describe the radiation presnt in a fluoroscopic room?

A

Roentgen

Roentgen(trad.)/ Coulombs per kilogram (SI) - Unit of in-air exposure

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26
Q

The amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tssue being traversed is?

A

LET

Determined the use of Wr when the equivalent dose is calculated

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27
Q

What agency publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurment (NRCP)

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28
Q

The agency that enforces radiation protection standards relating to radioactive matererial at the federal level is?

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

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29
Q

Effective dose limit is defined as the upper boundary dose that?

A

Can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually, with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual.

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30
Q

ALARA is an acronym for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Acheivable

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31
Q

Graphs called that show the relationship between dose of radiation received and incidnence of effects?

A

Dose-response curves

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32
Q

Which of the following is the basis for all radiation protection standards?
1. Nonlinear-nonthreshold effect
2. Linear-nonthreshold effect
3. Linear-threshold effect
4. Nonlinear- threshold effect

A

Linear-nonthreshold effect

Every dose creates a response

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33
Q

Which of the following means there is no safe level of radiation, & the response to radiation is not proportional to the dose received?
1. Nonlinear-nonthreshold effect
2. Linear-nonthreshold effect
3. Linear-threshold effect
4. Nonlinear- threshold effect

A

Nonlinear-nonthreshold

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34
Q

Which of the following means there is no safe level of radiation, & the response to the radiation is directly proportional to the dose?
1. Nonlinear-nonthreshold effect
2. Linear-nonthreshold effect
3. Linear-threshold effect
4. Nonlinear- threshold effect

A

Linear-nonthreshold effect

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35
Q

Which of the following means there is a safe level of radiation for certain effects, & those effects are directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded?
1. Nonlinear-nonthreshold effect
2. Linear-nonthreshold effect
3. Linear-threshold effect
4. Nonlinear- threshold effect

A

Linear-threshold

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36
Q

Which of the following means there is a safe level of radiation for certain effects , & those effects are not directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded?
1. Nonlinear-nonthreshold effect
2. Linear-nonthreshold effect
3. Linear-threshold effect
4. Nonlinear- threshold effect

A

Nonlinear-threshold effect

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37
Q

Effects of radiation that occurs randomly, with the probability of such effects being proprotional to the dose received, are called?

A

Probabilistic effects

Increased dose = increase probability of effects; doesnt effect severity

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38
Q

Effects of radiation that become more severe at higher levels of exposure once the threshold dose is exceeded are called?

A

Deterministic effects

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39
Q

What is the embryo or fetus equivalent dose limit per month?

A

0.05 rem

0.5 rem is dose for total gestation

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40
Q

Occupational cumulative exposure = age in years x what dose?

A

1 Rem

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41
Q

What is the annual effective doseThe annual occupational effective dose limit for stochastic effects is?

A

5 Rem

Dose of Radiographers annual exposure limit

42
Q

What is the annual effective dose limit for radiography students younger than 18?

A

0.1 rem

Students over 18 = 5 rem

43
Q

What is the annual effective dose limit for the general public, assuming infrequent exposure?

A

0.5 rem

500 mrem is 1/10th occupational dose

44
Q

What is the embryo or fetus equivalent dose limit for gestation?

A

0.5 rem

Same as general population w/ infrequent exposure

45
Q

What is the annual effective dose limit for the general public, assuming frequent exposure?

A

0.1 rem

100 mrem. The dose for gen public for infrequent exposure is 500 mrem.

46
Q

What is the annual effective dose limit for the general public for the lens of the eye?

A

0.05 rem

47
Q

The Wr used in calculating rem takes into account which of the following:
1. Meiosis
2. Age
3. LET
4. Pregnancy

A

LET

48
Q

LET & biological damages are:
1. Directly proportional
2. Indirectly proportional
3. Inversely proportional
4. Unrelated

A

Directly proportional

49
Q

The ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biologic response in an organsim is called?

A

Relative biological effectivness (RBE)

50
Q

The phases of the cellular life cycle, in order is?

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

51
Q

The process of cell division for germ cells is called?

A

Meiosis

Mitosis is cell division for somatic cells

52
Q

Which of the following occurs when radiation transfers its energy to DNA?
1. Indirect effect
2. Target theory
3. Direct effect
3. Mutations

A

Direct effect

DNA in the cell’s nuclous has been directly struck by the photons

53
Q

____ states that each cell has a master molecule that directs all cellular activities & that, if inactivated, results in cellular death.

A

Target theory

Master molecule is the DNA.

54
Q

What describes the amount of radiation required to increase the number of mutations in a population by a factor of 2?

A

Doubling dose

Doubling dose in humans ranges from 50-250 rads

55
Q

What occurs when radiation tranfers its energy to the cellular cytoplam?

A

Indirect effect

56
Q

Which of the following induces radiolysis?
1. Indirect effect
2. Target theory
3. Direct effect
4. Doubling dose

A

Indirect effect

Radiolysis creates Hydrogen Peroxide in cytoplasm (poison)

57
Q

What is the name for changes in genetic code passed on to the next generation?

A

Mutations

58
Q

What is responsible for production of free radicals?

A

Indirect effect

59
Q

What occurs when the master molecule is struck by radiation?
1. Indirect effect
2. Target theory
3. Direct effect
4. Doubling dose

A

Direct effect

60
Q

What poisons the cell with H2O2?
1. Indirect effect
2. Target theory
3. Direct effect
4. Doubling dose

A

Indirect effect

Radiolysis

61
Q

Most of the damage to a cell occurs as a result of?

A

Indirect effect

Cells are most sensitive when immature, undifferential, or dividing

62
Q

Cell radiosensitive is decribed as what?

A

Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau

63
Q

The law that states that cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are nonspecialized & rapidly dividing is?

A

The Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau

64
Q

Oxygen Cells are more radiosensitive when?
1. Fully oxygenated
2. Deoxygenated
3. Slowly dividing
4. Near the skin

A

Fully oxygenated

Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)

65
Q

Blood count can be depressed with a whole-body dose of?
1. 25 rem
2. 25 mrem
3. 1 rem
4. 10 rem

A

25 rem

66
Q

The most radiosensitive cells in the body are?

A

Epithelial cells

67
Q

Cells that are least sensitive to radiation exposure?

A

Nerve and muscle cells

68
Q

Compared with younger and older women, ova in women of reproductive age are?
1. More radiosensitive
2. Less radiosensitive
3. About the same

A

Less radiosensitive

Ova are more radiosensitive in younger girls & after middle age

69
Q

Most somatic effects occur?

A

Occur at dose beyond doses during diagnosic radiography

70
Q

Somatic effects manifest in?

A

The person who has been irradiated

71
Q

Which of the following is considered a late somatic effect?
1. Carcinogensis
2. Genetic effect
3. Alzheimer’s disease
4. Parkinson’s disease

A

Carcinogensis

72
Q

What is used to limit the area of the patient being irradiated?

A

Collimator

73
Q

Gonadal sheilds may reduce exposure to female gonads by up to what %?

A

50%

95% for males

74
Q

Which of the following sets of exposure factors would resul in the lowest dose to the patient?
1. High mAs, low kVp, 400-seed system
2. Low mAs, High kVp, 400-seed system
3. Low mAs, High kVp, small focal spot,100-seed system
4. Low mAs, High kVp, large focal spot, 100-seed system

A

Low mAs, High kVp, 400-speed system

Focal spot size does not matter. 400 is faster than 100

75
Q

Which of the following is used as part of an effort to observe the ALARA concept?
1. Grids
2. Slow-speed system
3. Collimation
4. Thinner filtration

A

Collimation

76
Q

The cardinal rules of radiation protection?

A

Time, Distance, Sheilding

77
Q

What is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurments?

A

Handheld ionization chamber

78
Q

Which of the following is accurate as low as 10 mrem?
1. TLD
2. Film badge
3. Pocket ionization chamber
4. Handhelp ionization chamber

A

Film badge

TLD is accurate down to 5mrem

79
Q

Which of the following include filters for measurement of radiation energy?
1. TLD
2. Film badge
3. Pocket ionization chamber
4. Handheld ionization chamber

A

Film badge

80
Q

What may be used to measure in-air exposures in a fluoroscopic room?

A

Handheld ionization chamber

81
Q

What detection device sounds an alarm to indicate the presence of radioactivity?

A

Geiger-Mueller detector

82
Q

Which of the following is accurate as low as 5 mrem?
1. TLD
2. Film badge
3. Pocket ionization chamber
4. Handheld ionization chamber

A

TLD

Film badge is as accurate as low as 10 mrem

83
Q

What is a digital monitor that may be used to measure dose in an area?

A

Handheld ionization chamber

84
Q

Which of the following may be used for 3 months at a time?
1. TLD
2. Film badge
3. Pocket ionization chamber
4. Geiger-mueller dector

A

TLD

85
Q

Which of the following is sensitive to extremes in environment?
1. TLD
2. Film badge
3. Pocket ionization chamber
4. Handheld ionization chamber

A

Film badge

86
Q

For any given exam, the mean marrow dose can be calcuated. What is used to represent the mean marrow dose?
1. GSD
2. ALARA
3. MMD
4. MPD

A

MMD

MMD stands for Mean Marrow Dose

87
Q

The radiation dose that wouldcause the same genetic injury to the population as the sum of doses received by individuals actually beaing exposed is called?

A

GSD

Genetically significant dose

88
Q

The timer used in fluoroscopy how/why?

A

Used to alert the fluoroscopist after 5 minutes of fluoroscopy scanning have elapsed.

89
Q

The most effective protection against radiation exposure for the radiographer is?

A

Distance

90
Q

If the dose of scatter radiation in fluoroscopy to the radiographer is 10 mR at a distance of 2 feet from the table, where should the radiographer stand to reduce the dose to 2.5 mR?

A

4 feet from the table

91
Q

Lead aprons used in fluoroscopy must be atleast:
1. 0.5-mm lead
2. 0.25-mm lead
3. 0.1-mm lead
4. 0.25mm lead equivalent

A

0.25-mm lead equivalent (minimum)

0.5-mm lead equivalent is recommended though!

92
Q

When and how should holding patiennts for radiographer exams be of concern?

A

Should only be done when absolutely necessarly, and then the holding should be done by family (non pregnant)

93
Q

The factors that must be considered in the design of structural sheilding for a radiology room or department include?

A

Use, occupancy, and workload

94
Q

The lowest intensity of scatter radiation from the patient is?

A

At a 90-degree angle from the patient

95
Q

A film badge reading of M mean?

A

A dose less than 10 mrem has been received

96
Q

A reading of 200 mR with a handheld ionization chamber means?

A

200 milliroentgens has been detected

97
Q

What is the most accurate personal monitorizing device?

A

OSL dosimeter

OSL is sensitive as low as 1mrem

98
Q

Minimum source to skin distance for mobile radiography must be?

A

12 inches

99
Q

Positive beam limitation is also known as?

A

Automatic collimation

100
Q

Added filtration should be adjusted by the radiographer:
1. to “harden” the x-ray beam
2. To remove the soft rays from the x-ray beam
3. To exercise radiation protectopm
4. Never

A

Never

Only a physicis can adjust added filtration

Review of Radiation Protection (10 decks)

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