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D&T 3 Test 3 > Review of Renal > Flashcards

Review of Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of vessel that enters the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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2
Q

What is the name of the vessel that exits the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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3
Q

What structure is seen in the renal cortex but absent in the renal medulla

A

Glomeruli

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4
Q

What are the structures seen in the renal medulla

A

straight portions of nephron tubules and collecting ducts

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5
Q

What is azotemia

A

elevation of blood urea of nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr)

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6
Q

relate Azotemia and GFR

A

azotemia related to decreased glomerular filtration rate

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7
Q

uremia

A

renal failure causes clinical signs and symptoms in other systems

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8
Q 
Identify the types of azotemia due to following conditions:
ureteral stone:
hypovolemic shock:
Congestive heart failure:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
A

ureteral stone: post
hypovolemic shock: pre
Congestive heart failure: pre
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: post

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9
Q

If patient develops fibrinous pericarditis from elevated BUN, does this patient have azotemia or uremia

A

uremia

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10
Q

What does rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis has a rapid decline of what

A

GFR

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11
Q

what disease has end result of all chronic renal parenchymal disease

A

Chronic kidney disease

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12
Q

what disease requires chronic dialysis

A

End-stage renal disease

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13
Q

What disease is often reversible

A

Acute kidney injury

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14
Q

How do renal tubular defects present

A

polyuria

electrolyte disorders

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15
Q

what is nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

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16
Q

In a certain renal disease, if only some glomeruli are affected by disease and only part of each affected glomerulus is involved with disease, how would you describe the extent of involvement of this disease?

A

focal segmental

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17
Q

What are 3 methods in which you examine the kidney

A
  1. light microscopy
  2. immunofluorescence
  3. electron microscopy
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18
Q

What method is used to detect presence of inflammatory cells in the glomerulus?

A

light microscopy

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19
Q

What method is used to detect effacement of podocytes?

A

EM

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20
Q

What method is used to detect deposition of antibodies on basement membrane?

A

Immunofluorescence

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21
Q

What method is used to detect sclerosis of glomerulus

A

Light microscopy

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22
Q

What method is used to detect reduplication of basement membrane

A

EM

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23
Q

What is the clinical significance if fetal lobulations of the kidney persist into adulthood

A

asymptomatic

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24
Q

What type of renal agenesis has normal life expectancy

A

unilateral

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25
Q

What type of renal agenesis is incompatible with life

A

bilateral

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26
Q

Think about some conditions that might be risky to a patient with unilateral renal agenesis

A 
pregnancy 
diabetes mellitus 
hypertension 
chemotherapy 
renal parenchymal disease
27
Q

Someone with horseshoe kidney gets predisposed to what

A

pyelonephritis or reflux disease

28
Q

How is horseshoe kidney usually discovered

A

Incidentally by CT or US for another condition or at autopsy

29
Q

What poles are usually fused for horseshoe kidney

A

lower ( anterior to the great vessels )

30
Q

What is the clinical significance for horseshoe kidney

A

usually none

31
Q

Name two genes involved in the development of ADPKD, the chromosomal location of each and the protein encoded by each

A

PKD1: 16: polycystin-1

PKD2: 4: polycystin-2

32
Q

A mutation in either PKD1 c or PKD2 causes most cases of ADPKD

A

PKD1

33
Q

A mutation in either PKD1 or PKD2 causes the more severe

A

PKD1

34
Q

What tissue becomes cystic in ADPKD

A

Tubules of nephron

35
Q

What may cause pain in patients with ADPKD?

A

expanding cysts and/or passing blood clots

36
Q

Name 3 extra-renal lesions that may be seen in patients with ADPKD

A
  1. hepatic cysts
  2. berry aneurysms
  3. cardiac valve anomalies
37
Q

Name the gene involved in the development of ARPKD; the chromosomal location and the protein encoded by the gene

A

PKHD1: 6: fibrocystin

38
Q

What age group is affected by ARPKD

A

Pediatric

39
Q

What tissue becomes cystic in ADPKD

A

collecting tubules

40
Q

What does the surface of the kidney look like in
ADPKD?
ARPKD:

A

ADPKD - cystic

AFPKD - smooth

41
Q

What extra-renal organ is almost always affected in ARPKD?

A

The liver

  • hepatic cysts almost always present
  • periportal fibrosis –> liver compromise and cirrhosis in kids who survive past the neonatal period
42
Q

Name the 4 subcategories of ARPKD? what are the most common?

A

PERINATAL
NEONATAL
infantile
juvenile

43
Q

What is nephronophthisis

A

group of progressive renal disorders

44
Q

Is nephronophthisis autosomal dominant or recessive? name 3 variants? most common variant?

A

autosomal recessive

  • sporadic, nonfamilial
  • FAMILIAL JUVENILE
  • renal-retinal dysplasia
45
Q

Name 2 genes involved in familial juvenile in nephronophthisis

A

NPH1
NPH2
NPH3

46
Q

Nephronophthisis: where in the kidney do the cysts occur?

A

corticomedullary junction

47
Q

Nephronophthisis: what changes are seen in the cortex

A
  • Tubular atrophy
  • thickening of basement membrane of proximal and distal tubules
  • interstitial fibrosis
48
Q

What are first symptoms for nephronophthisis

A

polyuria and polydipsia

unable to concentrate urine

49
Q

Name extra-renal tissues that may be affected by nephronophthisis

A
  • extraocular muscles: motor abnormalities
  • retina: dystrophy
  • cerebellum
  • liver: fibrosis
50
Q

What renal cystic disease that cause liver fibrosis

A

nephronophthisis

ARPKD

51
Q

name one possible serious complication of acquired (dialysis-associated) cystic renal disease

A

renal cell carcinoma

52
Q

Name 2 renal cystic disease that affect children

A

ARPKD, nephronophthisis

53
Q

What is the most common cause of genetic renal disease in children and young adults

A

nephronophthisis

54
Q

The radiologist sees a single renal lesion on a CT scan performed for staging of a colon cancer. What clues help her distinguish the lesion as a cyst rather than a secondary

A
  • smooth edges
  • avascular
  • fluid signal rather than solid signal
55
Q

at autopsy, kidneys of a premature infant who died soon after birth are markedly enlarged bilaterally with smooth surfaces. Microscopic examinations shows numerous elongated cysts. additional findings of hepatic cysts and hepatic fibrosis

A

ARPKD

56
Q

61 yr old man,
- diabetes mellitus
- dialysis 12 years
what is most likely present

A

Multiple 1 to 2 cm cortical and medullary cysts within small kidney bilaterally
( acquired/dialysis-associated cysts)

57
Q

what is characteristic of bilaterally enlarged cystic kidneys along with congenital hepatic fibrosis

A

ARPKD

58
Q

what is characteristic of markedly enlarged kidneys with multiple cysts along with polycystic liver

A

ADPKD

ARPKD

59
Q

what is characteristic of normal left kidney but enlarged right kidney with variably-sized cysts

A

multicystic renal dysplasia

60
Q

what is characteristic of multiple cystic dilations of medullary collecting ducts

A

medullary sponge kidney

61
Q

what is the cause of death for Potter syndrome

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

62
Q

polydipsia

A

abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease

63
Q

polyuria

A

production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine

D&T 3 Test 3 (7 decks)

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