Review of exam 1 Flashcards
What does conception mean?
Union of egg and sperm
sequential process
What does zonal reaction mean ?
Sperm penetrated ovum making it impenetrable
What is the embryo stage?
last 15 days until 8 weeks after conception
What is embryogenesis ?
Most vulnerable stage in the formation and development of the embryo
when is embryogenesis, like what weeks is it considered to be ?
week 3-11
what is the stage of ovum?
conception until day 14
what is embryo stage?
day 15 until 8 weeks
What is fetal development stage?
9 weeks until delivery
Do most people know they’re pregnant during the embryogenesis phase?
No
What is 1st trimester ?
Month & week
1-3 month
1-13 weeks
What is 2nd Trimester?
Month & week
4-6 months
14-26weeks
What is 3rd trimester ?
Month & week
7-9 months
27-40weeks
At what week do we normally suggest that there no longer a embryo?
then at week are we 100% sure its a fetus ?
week 9
week 12
Pregnancy last how long ?
days
months
weeks
280 days
9 months
40 weeks
How do we calculate a pregnancy?
first day of her last menstrual period (LMP)
What is the name of the rule we used to calculate a pregnancy estimated birth date ?
naegele rule
How do we use naegle rule in order to figure out the pregnancy estimated birth date ?
subtract 3 months
add 7 days
from her last menstrual period
What is the most accurate dating ?
1st trimester ultrasound
Where does fertilization take place ?
In the ampulla of the uterine tube
( outer third ) ( Fallopian tube )
what does implantation mean ?
egg attach to uterine wall
most women will start to see spotting and or missing period during this time of implantation
What is the shape of the placenta ?
Disc sharp
At what week is the placenta fully formed by ?
week 12
what are the 3 functions of the placenta ?
endocrine
metabolic
circulatory
What is the 4 endocrine function of the placenta ?
Production of
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG)
Human chorionic sommatomammotropin (hCs)
Progesteron
Estriol
What is the function of progesterone?
primary hormone that maintains pregnancy
What is the function of estriol?
fetal organ development
What is the hormone that usually indicates that you’re pregnant ?
hcG hormone
when your HCG hormone is either too high or too low, what does that usually indicate when you’re pregnant ?
possible neural tube defect
What are the 4 functions of the metabolic function of the placenta?
respiration, nutrient, excretion, excretion, storage
What the is the function of the circulatory function of the placenta?
Typically its dependent on the mothers own blood pressure, however functions in the sense to provide good adequate nutrients and oxygen to the baby
So if the mother blood pressure were to be too high or potentially too low, how would this effect the placenta circulatory effects on the fetus?
it would be inadequate circulation of vital necessities
Does mom and baby blood every touch ?
never
how many veins and arteries are in the umbilical cord?
1 vein, 2 arteries
the umbilical cord is surrounded by something called?
and functions to?
Whartons jelly
to prevent compression of blood vessels and ensuring contained nourishment
Fetal circulation typically is associated with what ? Like how does it work compared to a born newborn ?
it works backward
so veins to heart
arteries to body
what are the 6 functions of amniotic fluid ?
Protection
thermal regulation
fetal movement
lung development
nutrient exchange
infection control
how much percentage wise is amniotic fluid made out of water?
98-99%
what is the 1% of amniotic fluid made out of that isn’t water?
protein, fat, urea
typically things that you would find in urinalysis test
what does viability mean ?
the capability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus
at what weeks do we usually associated viability with ?
24 weeks
when does the heart development ?
3-5 week
when does the kidneys form ?
when does the kidneys function?
week 5
week 9
when can an infant taste?
when can an infant hear?
when can an infant see?
week 16
week 24
week 26
when do fingernails and toes develop?
week 10
when does languo completely covered the fetus?
week 20
what is languo ?
soft protective hair
important to note that when a pre-term infant is born, not all the languo covers their body
What does teratogen mean ?
something that causes the fetus to have neural tube defects or deformity
when is your highest chance of teratogens to have an effect on the fetus? like what stage?
embroynesis
what is the embryonic period considered in days ?
day 15-60
What is meconium?
Babies first poop
black tarry stool
at what weeks is the uterus palpable above the symphysis pubis ?
week 12-14
at what weeks is the uterus at level of umbilicus ?
week 20-22
at what week is the fundal height usually about the same as the measumrent in cm around the fundus?
24 weeks
at what weeks should the fundal height drop?
week 38-40
does your uterus alter your center of gravity as it grows?
yes
what does lightening mean ?
fundal height decreases/ uterus descends to prepare for delivery
at what weeks does lightening occur?
38 weeks
what does hegar sign mean?
softening of the lower uterine segment
at what weeks is hegar sign?
6 weeks
what does ballottement mean?
passive movement of the unengaged fetus
at what weeks can we do ballottement?
16-18 weeks
what is quickening ?
flutter, first feeling of fetal movement
at what weeks can we feel the flutter in quickening?
14-16weeks
at what week is the Goodell sign?
week 6
what is Chadwick sign ?
violet blue color of vaginal mucosa and cervical
what is Goodell sign?
softening of the cervical tip
at what week is the Chadwick sign?
6-8weeks
what does leukorrhea mean?
white gray odor, typically vaginal discharge
what does amenorrhea mean ?
menstrual period cease
what does physiologic anemia of pregnancy mean ?
plasma volume increases more quickly than your red cell mass
so you have so much more fluid in your body, that is masks how much actual RCB you have
what is Braxton hicks contractions ?
painless kicks that are intended to help enhance blood flow
Some woman say Braxton hicks contractions are annoying and irritating, so what do we recommended them doing ?
walking and mild exercise
at what month can we feel braxton hicks contractions ?
4th month
what does funic soufflé mean?
the fetal heart rate
what does friability mean?
purple bruise on the cervix, typically a sign of deep penetration or injury
what are the 6 presumptive signs of pregnancy ?
breast changes
amenorrhea
nausea & vomiting
urinary frequency
fatigue
quickening
presumptive signs are usually experienced by ?
the woman herself
what are the 6 probable signs of pregnancy ?
Goodell sign
Chadwick sign
hegar sign
positive pregnancy test
braxton hicks contractions
ballottement
probably signs are usually experienced by?
the examiner
what are the 4 positive signs of pregnancy ?
visualization of fetus on ultrasound
fetal heart tones detected by doppler
fetal movement palpated
fetal movement visible
So as the placenta is growing, and finishes growing at 12th week, what is producing that estrogen and progesterone ?
HCG hormone
Progesterone
maintains our pregnancy
- suppress FSH and LH
- maintain pregnancy by relaxing smooth muscles and decreasing uterine contractility
- causes fat deposits in subcutaneous tissue
Estrogen
- suppresses FSH and LH
- promotes enlargement of maternal body parts
- increase vascularity
- relaxes pelvic ligaments and joints
How much does the blood volume increased by in pregnancy ?
40-50%
Why does the blood volume increase in pregnancy?
it is a protective mechanism that provides fluid reserve to compensate for blood loss during birth and postpartum
sometimes when were ausculating pregnant woman, it might be a little different by?
because if the heart size and position being altered by the increasing size of the fetus and the uterus
maternal oxygen consumption increase by how much percentage?
20-40%
pregnancy pulmonary function is always in a state of what?
respiratory alkalosis
what hormone causes hyperpigmentation to occur in pregnancy ?
melanotropin
what is melasma?
pregnancy mask
what is linea nigra?
line across the entire abdomen
what is straie gravidarum?
streatch marks
what is angiomas?
spider webs, like pop out veins
what does ptyalism mean?
excessive salivation
what does pica mean ?
desire to eat un-eatable things
what does pyrosis mean?
heart burn
what does lordosis mean ?
its also important to note that when a pregnant woman is slowly growing more and more, her body typically goes into this form and it alters her center of gravity
belly out, back bent back
how much fluid do pregnant woman increase by ?
6.5-8.5l by term
we always recommend perform, oral personal care
but most importantly to start to do kegel exercise, which is ?
a movement that helps strength the pelvic muscles
why do we always recommend patients to get the TDAP vaccine?
because pertussis one taps infants
if the baby blood and mom blood are different, what we do usually give them medication wise?
regam
Adaption of pregnancy
1. she accepts the biological fact of pregnant
2. she accepts the growing fetus as distinct from herself
3. she prepares realistically for the birth and parenting of the child
patern version
1. announcement phase
2. moratorium phase
3. focusing phase
if the pregnant woman has other kids, its very common to see kids that are older do what?
regression
( we dont condone this, so just praise when they start to do better behavior )
What nutrient is so vital in pregnancy that we recommend patients to take?
folic acid
how much folic acid per day Is recommend ?
can be found in
chicken liver
Turkey liver
peas
beans
broccoli
asparagus
0.4mg
how much weight does a pregnancy person usually put on? (normally)
25-35 pounds
what are some foods we want moms to avoid when they are pregnant ?
Mercury, alcohol, caffeine, artificial sweeteners
what is supine postural hypotensive syndrome ?
when mom lays on her back and causes a hypotensive state, where this can impair the circulation and adequate perfusion to the baby
how do we fix supine postural hypotensive syndrome ?
we fix it by laying on the left side
( when we lay on the left side, it allows us to let more vascular oxygen reach our heart and perfuse more oxygen out to the left side )
What type of vaccine do we not give mom?
Any live annunated vaccines
