Review Of Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
What are 5 major microorganisms
Viruses, bacteria, fungi(molds/yeasts) protozoa, algae
What are the two levels or stages of infection control?
Disinfection, sterilization
Girolamo Fracastoro
Recognized the existence of tiny “living particles” that cause “catching” (contagious) diseases
Spread by direct contact with humans indirect contact with objects
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Discovered bacteria
First person to “see” a microbe.
Developed a primitive microscope
Named these small forms of life “animalcules”
Louis Pasteur
Known as the “father of immunology”
Associated living organisms with disease
Discovered “pasteurization”
Created first vaccines for rabies, anthrax, and cholera.
Use heat to destroy vegetative bacteria and resistant bacterial spores
John Tyndall
Discovered the need for prolonged heating to destroy bacteria
Discovered that bacteria existed in two forms:
Heat sensitive
Heat stable
Discovered the process of “tyndallizarion”
Ferdinand Cohn
Discovered endospores
Joseph lister
Discovered the role of airborne microorganisms
Discovered that airborne microorganisms can be reduced with carbolic acid(known as phenols today)
Used them in WW2 surgeries to clean wounds
Christian gram
Discovered gram staining
Sir Alexander Fleming
He discovered penicillin
Ignaz philipp Semmelweis
Responsible for recognizing the importance of hand washing
Edward Jenner
Immunization
Discovered through using cowpox to create immunity for smallpox
Wendell Stanley
Electron microscope
What are the two categories bacteria, algae, fungi and Protozoa are divided into?
Prokaryotes cells, eukaryotes cells
Which microorganisms have nucleus?
Eukaryotes cells
Which microorganisms cell have a nucleus?
Eukaryote cell
Do viruses have prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells?
No
Which cell belongs to animal, plant, and fungi?
Eukaryotic
Which cell belongs to bacteria?
Prokaryotic
What is the function of the fimbriae, pili on a prokaryotic cell?
So that it can adhere to things
What did the granules do in the prokaryotic cell?
Function as an energy reserve
What contains RNA on the cell?
Ribosomes ( protein synthesis
What gives bacteria (prokaryotic cell) its ability to be resistant, and grow in physical and chemical agents (antibiotics)
Plasmids
What do granules contain in animal plant cells?
Polysaccharides (starch) and lipids.
What do vacuoles do in animal plant cells ( eukaryotic)
Gather food
What function in photosynthesis in a plant cell?
Chloroplasts
What is the smallest unicellular organism?
Bacteria cell. Prokaryotic
What are mesosomes in a bacterial cell?
Inward folding son the cytoplasmic membrane
In a bacterial cell what does the cytoplasm contain?
Water, enzymes, proteins, lipids, carbs
What are the 3 major shapes for bacterial cell?
Spheres or cocci
Rods or bacilli
Spirilla or spirochetes ( spiral shape)
What is the optimal growth for bacteria?
Ph 7
What do bacteriostatic agents do?
Prevent growth without killing them
Common bacterial diseases?
TB,syphilis,anthrax,leprosy,pneumonia,dental caries, perio disease, strep throat, E-colo, colitis, meningitis
What are viruses composed of?
Nucleus acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by protein
Which microorganisms depends on a host cell for growth and replication?
Viruses
Obligate intracellular parasites
How are viruses defined?
By their type of nucleus acid, DNA RNA
Symmetry of the virus
Whether or not they have an envelope surrounding itself
Why must a viruse rely on a host’s metabolic machinery?
Because they cannot generate energy or synthesize nucleus acid and proteins by themselves
What is the most common way a viruse it transmitted?
Droplets from sneezing, invading nasal cavity
4 ways viruses may be transmitted?
Droplets, direct transfer, contaminated food or water, insects
What is the incubation period for viruses?
Multiple within a host but no symptoms
In these time host transmit the virus to new unsuspecting hosts
What is uncoating in viral replications?
Capsid is degraded to release nucleus acid
What are the stages of viral replications?
Attachment or adsorption Penetration Uncoating Replication or syntheses of virus Assembly Release from host cell
How to prevent viruses?
Immunization, infection control
Common viral diseases?
HIV AIDS Hepatitis A,B,C Herpes simplex 1 and 2 S.A.R.S Measles chickenpox Papovavirus (warts) Shingles Influenza/ common cold West Nile
Can measles cause lesions in the mouth?
Yes
Are Protozoa different then bacteria and viruses?
Yes
Where would you find Protozoa
In developing countries
What is the largest microorganisms in microbiology?
Protozoa
Where can Protozoa’ be founding the body?
Stomach. They break down cellulose and produce nutrients for their host
What are characteristic of Protozoa?
They contain no chlorophyll Single cell Thrive in water Important as decomposers and recycle organic material Important in food chain
What is a common Protozoa disease?
Malaria
What parasite can be transmitted by direct contact and insects?
Protozoa parasites that produce infection
Fungi’s
Mushrooms, moods, yeasts
Certain members of moods and yeasts are capable of causing diseases in human beings
What type of cell is fungi?
Eukaryotic
What does aerobic mean?
Requires oxygen for growth
Characteristics for fungi
Contain a nucleus and nuclear membrane but lack chlorophyll
Most aerobic
What are the two forms of fungi
A yeast form: unicellularform
A mold: elongated cells and produce spores that can be airborne and transmitted
Common diseases of fungi
Oral candidiasis
Athletes foot
Diseases caused by fungi can be treated with topical antifungals such as “ nystatin”
What are some fungal infection in dentistry?
Oral candidiasis
Thrush
Denture stomatitis
Candida albicans
Ways you can get fungal infections?
Depressed body defenses, trauma to tissues, debilitating systemic diseases, long-term antibotic use
What is CDC?
Centre for disease control
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
What are signs that a virus multiple enough to not be in incubation stage?
Fever, swelling, skin discolouration, ulceration, pain, bleeding,watery eyes, and runny nose
What is the incubation stage for flu?
2-3 days
What does aciduric mean?
Can survive in an environment with high acid
How is chickenpox, TB, and measles spread ?
Airborne infection
Does ever cell have a cell wall?
No not mammalian cells just bacterial
What does the capsule do in bacterial structure?
Protection from dying antiphagocytic: attachment to surfaces
What does the endospores do in Bacteria structures?
Protection against adverse conditions
Nucleoid in bacterial structure?
DNA control of cell activities
Where is lysozyme present?
Salvia, tears, nasal secretions and other body secretions and is present inside white blood cells
What do lysozyme do?
Destroy bacteria
What is structure of bacteria cell?
Cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane (only gram negative bacteria)
Capsule, flagella, fimbriae pili, nucleiod, endospores
