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ClinSci 2 Exam 1 > Review of Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Review of Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the CV system

A
  • pump blood
  • deliver O2, nutrients, and water
  • remove carbon dioxide & metabolic waste
  • provide thermoregulation
  • support bodily functions that need blood flow: urine formation in kidneys, gas exchange, digestive processes, repro system functions
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2
Q

external cardiac anatomy

A
  • aorta
  • pulmonary artery
  • right atrium and auricle
  • left atrium and auricle
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
  • interventricular groove
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3
Q

what is the pericardium

A

fibrous sac that surrounds the heart

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4
Q

how can the pericardium lead to disease?

A

normally, the pericardial space contains a small amount of fluid for lubrication: the layers slide along one another

in some diseases, it becomes full of fluid = compresses and impairs heart function

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5
Q

basic internal cardiac anatomy

A
  • 4 chambers
  • divided L and R
  • 2 atria
  • 2 ventricles
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6
Q

what is the atria

A

roughly spherical, thin-walled structures with triangular “appendage” at the cranial aspect

auricular appendages have muscle bundles: the pectinate muscles

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7
Q

what 3 vessels enter the right atrium?

A
  1. cranial vena cava
  2. caudal vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
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8
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

venous return from the myocardium

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9
Q

what vessels enter the left atrium?

A

confluence of pulmonary veins enter, pulmonary veins drain all lung lobes

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10
Q

left ventricle appearance

A

thick-walled, bullet shaped
- 2 papillary muscles connecting chordae tendinae to mitral valve

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11
Q

what is the normal pressure of the aorta?

A

130/105/90 mmHg

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12
Q

what is the normal pressure of the pulmonary artery?

A

25/18/12 mmHg

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13
Q

what is the normal pressure of the left ventricle? what ab the right ventricle?

A

left: 130/0 mmHg
right: 25/0 mmHg

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14
Q

what is the normal pressure of the left vs right atrium?

A

left: 0-10mmHg
right: 0-5mmHg

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15
Q

what are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  1. tricuspid
  2. pulmonary
  3. mitral
  4. aortic
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16
Q

tricuspid valve

A

separates RA from RV

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17
Q

pulmonary valve

A

separates RV from PA

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18
Q

mitral valve

A

separates LA from LV

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19
Q

aortic valve

A

separates LV from Ao

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20
Q

mitral valve anatomy

A
  • derivation: resembles bishop’s mitre
  • anterior leaflet: short circumference, long length
  • posterior leaflet: large circumference, short length
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21
Q

tricuspid valve anatomy

A
  • larger circumference, 2-3 leaflets
22
Q

what is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves

A

separate atrium from ventricle; open in diastole, close in systole

23
Q

what is the most important heart disease of dogs?

A

myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD)

24
Q

what runs in the interventricular groove?

A

the coronary artery

25
MMVD
myxomatous mitral valve degeneration: degeneration of the mitral valve
26
semilunar valves
- tri-leaflet valves - L and R aortic valve cusps have coronary ostia - when diseased: semilunar valves may be either stenotic (not open fully) or regurgitant (leaky)
27
stenotic valves
not open fully
28
regurgitant valves
leaky
29
what is the purpose of the semilunar valves?
separate ventricle from great artery open in systole, closed in diastole
30
what is the most common congenital heart defect in dogs?
- stenosis of the pulmonary valve: leaflets are fused and fail to open properly
31
coronary circulation
- blood supply to the heart muscle and tissues - L and R coronary arteries arise from aorta; flow occurs in diastole
32
pulmonary valve stenosis
most common congenital heart defect in dogs
33
when you get atrial stasis, what can occur?
blood can collect and cause a clot and cause bad things
34
pulmonary artery basics
- arises from R ventricle - delivers deoxygenated blood to the left and right lungs
35
does the pulmonary artery deliver oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
DEOXYGENATED blood to the left and right lungs
36
pulmonary veins do what
bring oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the L atrium
37
where does venous blood from the body enter in the heart?
R atrium --> tricuspid valve --> pumped to lungs across the pulmonary valve by the right ventricle
38
right ventricle anatomy
- thin walled - U shaped - 3-5 papillary muscles connecting chordae tendinae to tricuspid valve
39
purpose of tricuspid valve
prevent backflow of blood from RV to RA
40
purpose of pulmonary valve
prevent backflow of blood from RV to PA
41
what are the atrioventricular valves?
- mitral - tricuspid
42
right heart basics
- inlet: tricuspid valve - outlet: pulmonary valve - geographically separate valves; U shaped chamber
43
L heart blood flow
oxygenated blood --> from lungs to L atrium --> crosses mitral valve --> pumped by L ventricle to aorta and arteries of body
44
L heart basics
- inlet: mitral valve - outlet: aortic valve - V shaped chamber, mitral and aortic valves are in fibrous continuity
45
what chamber of the heart has valves that are in continuity?
L heart R heart has geographically separate valves
46
cardiac orientation in the thorax
- lies within the mediastinum - surrounded by the pericardium
47
nodal cells
- cardiac impulses start in the sinoatrial node (SA) node - propagate cell to cell - rapidly disbursed thru specialized conduction pathways
48
where do cardiac impulses start?
sinoatrial node (SA node)
49
what are the 2 primary differences between fetal and adult circulation?
1. flow across atrial septum 2. flow between aorta and pulmonary artery
50
when do the coronaries flow?
diastole
51
fetal circulation
- deoxygenated blood back to PA and then across ductus to aorta and back to placenta - oxygenation in placenta, return thru umbilical vein, across atrial septum, to L heart and body
52
cardiac development
- heart develops initially as a linear tube - venous pole (inflow) and arterial pole (outflow) - heart tube undergoes looping as it bends to the right and primitive chambers start to take shape - separation occurs as the atrial chambers, ventricular chambers and great vessels twist and divide to result in final cardiac anatomy

ClinSci 2 Exam 1 (13 decks)

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