Review of basic concepts Flashcards
RNA is produced from DNA via a process called____
Transcription
DNA reproduces itself via a process called_____
Replication
RNA then directs the production of proteins through a process called____
translation.
Cells that are functioning normally produce and replicate ____ ____ and ____ as indicated in the flow diagram.
Nucleic acid and proteins
List two functions of DNA
Stable storage of genetic information & Transmission of genetic information.
Stable storage of genetic information is the source of information for synthesis of __ ____.
All proteins
Transmission of genetic information is the template for _____ of genetic information.
Replication
List four nitrogenous bases found in DNA nucleotides.
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Guanine (G).
List two purine base
A and G
List two pyrimidines base.
T and C
Thymine always binds to ____
Adenine
cytosine always binds to ___
Guanine.
DNA is a double stranded molecule with ___ arrangement. Which bonds holds the strands together?
Helical; Hydrogen bonds.
DNA strands that are bound together are called _______
Complementary strands.
The _____ bases make up DNA nucleotides.
Nitrogenous bases
Each nucleotide has a _____- _____ - _____ _____
Deoxyribose tri phosphate base
The end of each chain that has the phosphate group is called the _____
5’ end
The end of each chain that has the OH group is called the ____
3’ end
The arrangement in which the two complementary chains have their 5’ and 3’ ends in opposite directions is described as
Antiparallel arrangement
The nucleotide complex includes the deoxyribose triphosphate + nitrogenous base. Give a example.
dATP for adenine
An enzyme that untwists and separates double stranded DNA strands.
Helicase
The point at which the replication takes place is called the
replication fork.
An enzyme which attaches to each strand of the DNA and begins adding complementary nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
DNA polymerase
One strand which undergo continuous replication by the simple addition of bases that are complementary to the original strand.
Leading strand
The other strand which undergo discontinuous replication in pieces of about 1000 base pairs called
Okazaki fragments which happens on lagging strand.
An enzyme which fills in the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
DNA ligase
How is RNA differ from DNA?
RNA is single stranded. The sugar in the RNA backbone is ribose. and the nitrogenous base uracil is included in the RNA. Nucleotides in RNA are noted as rATP or ATP rather than dATP as in DNA.
Instead of the Thymine found in DNA, what is found in RNA?
Uracil
DNA codes for production of ____ during transcription.
mRNA.
What are the steps in transcription for production of mRNA.
-2 strands of double stranded DNA separate. -RNA polymerase II binds to appropriate sequence (promoter). - rNTPs pair with complementary bases on the DNA strand. -RNA transcript detaches from DNA, undergoes modi. to become a mature RNA molecule.
In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA migrates from the ____ to the ___ to the ____ to ____ ____ ___
nucleus; cytoplasm; ribosomes; direct protein synthesis.
Steps involved in translation of RNA into protein.
-mRNA directs amino acid sequence. -21 amino acids involved. - mRNA binds to ribosome, codons are read and tRNA brings correct amino acid. - Ribosome and completed protein dissociate.
Specified by 3- nucleotide sequence called a
codon.
Bacterial genomes are considerably ___ and __ complex than human genome.
smaller; less
Viral genome is between ___ and 1/1000 of a bacterial genome.
1/20 (smaller)
A nitrogenous base is attached to the deoxyribose at the ___site
C1
The phosphate group is attached to the deoxyribose at the ___ end
C5
The phosphate group from another nucleotide attches to make the chain that makes the backbone of the DNA molecule is attached to the deoxyribose at the ___site.
C3
