Review of basic biochemistry Flashcards
Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 main elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
The General formula for most carbohydrates is _________
Cn(H2O)n
The storage form of energy in humans is _______
Glycogen
In respiration, glucose is oxidized in living cells to produce CO2, H2O, and _______
Energy
A body’s ___________ is the reverse of photosynthesis
Metabolism
Glycogen is an example of a _______ formed of many _____ units
Polysaccheride
Glucose
Fat, oil and cholesterol are examples of ________
Lipids
Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because they yeild large quantities of ____
ATP
A peptide bond is formed between amino acids by the _____ process
Condensation reaction
The bond formed between two amino acids due to condensation is called _____
Peptide bond
What are the aromatic amino acids?
tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine
All amino acids have alpha amino groups except ______
Proline
How many levels of protein structures do we have?
4
alpha-helix is what type of protein structure?
Secondary
beta-sheet is what type of protein structure?
Secondary
What are the stores of genetic codes?
Nucleic acids
Which of the following is a nucleotide?
ATP
DNA
RNA
ATP
Both DNA and RNA have which of the same 3 bases?
Guanine, Adenine and Cytosine
Predict the sequence of bases that is complementary to this strand:
A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C
T-C-A-G-C-T-C-A-C-G
ATP, NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are classified as _______
Nucleotides
Myocardial infarction elevates serum levels of which enzymes?
Creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase
(CK and LDH)
Pancreatitis elevates levels of which enzymes?
Amylase and Lipase
How can assay of plasma enzymes aid diagnosis and prognosis?
Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in an increased release of intracellular enzymes into the plasma
________ is the sum of all chemical reactions within the cell.
Metabolism
Glycolysis is the lysis of glucose, whereas ________ is the lysis of glycogen.
Glycogenolysis
Plasma glucose increases in case of ______ and it decreases in case of ______
Glycogenolysis, Glycolysis
Glycogenesis is ________________________________
Is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.
Glycogenolysis is __________________________________
Is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1).
Glycolysis is the lysis of ______, whereas glycogenolysis is the lysis of ______.
Glucose, Glycogen
________ Is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
Glycolysis
___________ Is the process for production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate; from breakdown of proteins such as glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides and glycerol).
Gluconeogenesis
Is ATP a nucleotide or nucleoside?
Nucleotide because it has a phosphate
________ is the chemical-storage form of energy within the cell.
ATP
Most of the energy in ATP are stored in the bond between the _________
Second and third phosphates
________ is used by the cell as an electron carrier to mediate numerous reactions.
NAD
List the 3 main roles of Glycolysis
- Traps glucose within the cell
- Produces energy in the form of NADH and ATP with minimal energy input
- Produces products that are used in other metabolic pathways within the cell
What is the net product of glycolysis in terms of NADH and ATP?
+2 ATP & + 2 NADH
What is the fate of pyruvate if you are doing exercise (anaerobic)?
In the cytosol, NAD will be produced, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus lactate
Why your body ache during exercise?
Due to production of lactate
What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic state?
The mitochondria will produce Acet-CoA, which will produce citric acid in Krebs cycle.
In Krebs cycle, the regulation is mediated via allosteric inhibition by products on enzymes used previously in the cycle.
For example, _ _____ _ ______will cause a decreased activity of _______ _________ via inhibition of phosphofructokinase.
An increase in citrate
Citrate synthase
In Krebs cycle, the regulation is mediated via inhibition of ________ when citrate is high in concentration.
Phosphofructokinase
Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces _______ molecules of pyruvate. One molecule of pyruvate produces _______
2; 1 ATP
One molecule of glucose produces two molecule of pyruvates, which produces -___ molecule(s) of ATP .
2
ATP yielded from the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP were much greater than that of glycolysis alone.
True or False?
True
How many ATP are produced via electron transport phosphorylation chain (ETS)?
32
