Review LA exam Flashcards
List the 4 reasons livestock production is important.
1) Food supply
2) The economy
3) Livestock can graze on land unsuitable for crop production
4) Provide valuable by-products
Why are animal based proteins better for us?
Provide a better balance of amino acids
How is livestock fecal matter utilized? (3)
1) Fertilizer
2) renewable energy source
3) bedding for livestock
List the main livestock raised for production in Canada. (7)
1) Beef cattle
2) Dairy cattle
3) Hogs
4) Poultry
5) Sheep
6) Goats
7) Aqua culture
How many Canadians are employed as a result of agriculture?
84000
What is the main production in Atlantic Canada? (2)
Dairy and Poultry
Where else are farm animals/livestock utilized besides food production? (4)
1) hobby farms
2) sports- (rodeo, racing, show jumping)
3) animal-assisted therapy for humans
4) work and labour (crops, logging)
Outline the main DVM role in livestock farm visits. (3)
1) individual animal care
2) herd health
3) producer consultation
4) One Health initiative
Why is it essential that producers be prudent with antimicrobial use in their livestock?
antibiotic resistance
What is One Health’s primary focus?
Minimize the spread and risk of zoonotic disease and contribute to the health of the planet.
Outline the veterinarian’s role in livestock production and its management. (4)
1) public health
2) preventative medicine
3) consultation and herd health management
4) animal welfare
What is the difference between a heifer and a cow?
heifer-young female that has not calved
cow-female that has calved
List the region of origin for the following dairy cattle:
1) Holstein
2) Jersey
3) Ayrshire
4) Brown Swiss
5) Milking Shorthorn
6) Guernsey
6)
1) Netherlands
2) Channel Island
3) Scotland
4) Switzerland
5) England
6) Channel Island
What human disease does Johne’s in cattle compare to?
Crone’s
What is the reason for removing the calf from the dam within 24 hours of birth?
Minimizes the spread of disease
List the pros to housing calves individually. (4)
a) minimize the spread of disease
b) easy disinfection
c) monitoring food intake
d) minimizes cross sucking
List the cons to housing calves individually. (2)
less social interaction and ability to exhibit play behaviours
List the pros to group housing of calves. (3)
-social interaction/play behaviour
-competition/mimicking which increases food intake
-easier to bed
List the cons to group housing of calves. (3)
-spread disease quicker
-difficult to monitor individual food intake
-more difficult to disinfect
Calves are monogastric at birth. T/F
True
Define the esophageal groove in a calf.
The esophageal groove bypasses the reticulem and rumen and enters into the abomasum. (monogastric)
What are the two most common types of housing for Dairy cattle?
tie stall and free stall
List the cons to free stalling. (3)
-monitoring individuals is difficult
-competition at the feed bunk
-if lame, small or submissive difficult for them to access feed bunk
Define dry cow.
In the stage of their lactation cycle where milk production ceases prior to calving.
What is parturition?
The act of giving birth.
What is dystocia?
Difficult birth.
What is volvulus?
An obstruction caused by twisting of the stomach.
_______________ displaced abomasum is a life threatening emergency.
RIGHT
List the british breeds of beef cattle discussed. (3)
-Aberdeen angus
-Hereford
-Shorthorn
List the exotic breeds of beef cattle discussed. (3)
-Charolais
-Simmental
-Limousin
What are the terminal breeds of beef cattle we discussed? (3)
-Limousin
-Charolais
-Simmental
How long do beef cattle calves tend to stay with their mothers?
6-10 months
How old are beef heifers when they are bred?
14 months
What is the typical weight of a finished animal in beef production?
1350-1400lbs
What is meat grading based on?
The amount of intramuscular fat (marbling) which yields the best flavour.
What is the main food source for a cow-calf operation?
Pasture
What is the main food source for feedlot cattle?
highly grain focused with some haylage
What are the two types of veal?
White and red
Explain the difference between white and red veal.
White-milk fed to 400-500lbs (5mos old)
Red-milk and grain fed to 650-700lbs (7mos old)
What is a common difference between beef and dairy cattle for a veterinarian?
beef cattle are handled less and are generally less docile
List the typical PPE for for farm medicine. (4)
1) steel toed boots (rubber preferred)
2) coveralls
3) exam gloves
4) rectal gloves
One set of coveralls is good for the day for a veterinarian on farm calls. T/F
False-one set per farm minimum
Where is a bovine’s blind spot?
directly behind them
Always approach cattle from ____________.
the side-let them know you are there
What is the bovine flight zone?
An imaginary boundary that circles the cow. They will retreat when you enter this zone.
The point of balance on cattle is where?
at the shoulders
To make a bovine move forward you must be
behind the point of balance (in front will make them move backwards)
Self-locking headgates are situated where for ease of use?
the feedbunk
Squeeze chutes were designed based on which behaviourists research?
Temple Grandin
When tying a haltered bovine always use a
quick release knot
Where is the nose tong used on cattle for restraint and what can you use if no tongs available?
The nasal septum
fingers
Where is a kick bar positioned?
Bottom hook under skin fold on flank, just in front of the stifle joint and then angled back towards the tail head and hooked over the spine.
What does a tail jack do in restraint of cattle?
immobilizes animal through distraction
What must you NEVER do to move a down cow?
Drag it. INHUMANE Use a sled and drag the sled.
How do horses rest safely in a standing position?
Their stay apparatus
How many inches are in a hand when measuring a horse’s height?
4
What is the height cut off for pony to horse?
under 14.2 hands is a pony
What differentiates a dun from a buckskin in horse colouring?
A dorsal stripe.
Paint is a colour/ T/F
False
List a warm-blooded breed of horse discussed in class. (4)
Dutch, Holstein, Hanoverian, Oldenburg
List a draft breed discussed in class. (3)
Clydesdale, Percheron, Belgian
List a hot-blooded breed of horse.
Thoroughbred and Arabian
What is the knee of the horse?
carpus
Which teeth erupt in 70% of horses around 5-12mos of age?
Wolf teeth
What is a hindgut fermenter?
The large intestine is the site of the fermentation of ingested fiber.
What is unique about a foal’s GI anatomy?
Only have a fore stomach for the first 3-4mos.
How do horses differ from donkeys in what they should be fed?
horses need some legumes
What is straw?
Stalk left from grain, oat, wheat, barley, rice and rye
What horses should be fed grain?
Working, competition, hard keepers
What is the main reason horses seek shelter?
bugs
What are some bad habits horses can develop when their environment is not sufficiently enriched?
Weaving, striking/pawing, and cribbing.
What are the 5 main types of environmental enrichment required?
1) social
2) nutritional
3) occupational
4) physical
5) sensory
Why is it beneficial for all the horses to be examined in a barn the same day by the veterinarian?
One call fee
What is checked on an equine physical exam? (7)
1) TPR
2) GI sounds
3) skin/coat
4) BCS/MCS
5) ears
6) dental
7) hooves
What body part is involved with equine URI?
The gutteral pouch
What rating is normal gut motility in a horse?
2+
What BCS scale is used in horses?
1-9
What is the most common reason for an equine non-emergency, “sick” exam?
lameness
