Review I -. Historical Roots of Microbiology A. Know each of the following scientists and their contributions to the field of Microbiology

Question 1

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 1

1632 – 1723
Single lens microscope
300X Magnification
Observed live Bacteria
Drawings of bacteria shapes
"animacules"

Question 2

Robert Hooke

Answer 2

1600’s
Compound Microscope
2 lens microscope
Discovered  cork divided into “chambers”
Gave the “Cell” its name

Question 3

Francesco Redi

Answer 3

1600’s
Italian physician
Performed Experiment to disprove Spontaneous Generation

Proved that meat does not spontaneously give rise to maggots (larval form of flies)
Conclusion: maggots arise from fly eggs not meat
(Redi was first to attempt experiment to refute spontaneous generation)

Question 4

Lazaro Spallanzani

Answer 4

1700’s
Italian priest/biologist
Boiled a nutritional broth, sealed it, found no microbial growth
(Spallanzani experiment showed that bacteria could be killed by boiling; however, there are some bacteria life forms that cannot be destroyed by boiling as we will learn)

Question 5

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 5

1818 - 1865
Demonstrated that Puerperal fever (childbed fever) was contagious
Proper hand washing by medical care-givers could reduce puerperal fever

Question 6

Louis Pasteur

Answer 6

1822 - 1895
French Chemist
Father of modern microbiology

Question 7

Robert Koch

Answer 7

1841 – 1910
German physician
Developed pure culture techniques in microbiology
1. Koch’s Postulates (rules)
set of four rules
proposed to determine that a microorganism causes a disease
proved the germ theory of disease
2. Isolated Tuberculosis bacteria
Tuberculosis: causes a bacteria infection in the lungs
Koch awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work on tuberculosis and discovery of bacteria as the cause of tuberculosis
(This was a huge discovery as over 1/3 of the world population was infected with tuberculosis)
3. Isolated Cholera Bacteria
Cholera: a bacteria infection of the intestinal tract that causes large amounts of fluid loss (20 liters/day)

Question 8

Joseph Lister

Answer 8

1827 – 1912
English Surgeon
Developed Aseptic Surgery by soaking surgical instruments in disinfectants
Father of Aseptic Surgery

Question 9

John Tyndall

Answer 9

Resolved questions on Spontaneous Generation by discovering Spores
Endospores or Spores: a heat resistant form of bacteria that cannot be killed by boiling
Tyndall developed a sterilization technique that could kill spores

Question 10

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 10

Cell Theory :

1. Cell is basic unit of life
2. All organisms are composed of cells
3. Cells come from existing cells

Question 11

Theodor Schwann

Answer 11

Cell Theory :

1. Cell is basic unit of life
2. All organisms are composed of cells
3. Cells come from existing cells

Question 12

Edward Jenner

Answer 12

1798 – 1st Vaccine: Edward Jenner used Cowpox virus to vaccinate against Small pox virus

Question 13

Eli Metchnikoff

Answer 13

1884 – Eli Metchnikoff viewed phagocytosis

Question 14

Alexander Fleming

Answer 14

1928 – 1st Antibiotic: Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming

Question 15

Difference between Spontaneous generation and Biogenesis

Answer 15

1

Question 16

What is importance of Pasteurization?

Answer 16

Physical process that heats fluid between 60o – 85oC
Any human pathogens (disease causing) are destroyed at this temperature since optimal temperature for human pathogens is 37oC
Some nonpathogenic bacteria may survive
Pasteurization does not equal Sterilization

Question 17

Koch’s postulates

Answer 17

1. Microorganism isolated from disease animal
2. Organism grown in pure culture
3. Pure culture inoculated into experimental animal
4. Organism is reisolated from the experimentally infected animal

Question 18

Three points of Cell Theory

Answer 18

Cell Theory :

1. Cell is basic unit of life
2. All organisms are composed of cells
3. Cells come from existing cells

Question 19

What are Pasteur’s Contributions

Answer 19

1. Germ Theory of Disease: Microorganisms are the cause of infectious diseases
   Stated theory but did not prove it
   Firm believer in importance of aseptic techniques in medicine
2. Developed Pasteurization
   Pasteurization: Heating process that kills human pathogenic bacteria in a fluid and lowers the total number of bacteria in that fluid
   Used technique to save Wine Industry of France

Question 20

What is a vaccine and how many are available for use in humans?

Answer 20

A vaccine is a living or inactivated microbe used to induce immunity

More than 19 available vaccines for human use

Question 21

What is Spontaneous Generation?

Answer 21

Life arises from nonliving material
Widely accepted since Aristotle (4th century BC)
It was believed that Microorganisms could arise from infusions (nutritional substrates or broths)

Question 22

What is Biogenesis?

Answer 22

Life arises from life
Cells give rise to new cells
Accepted Theory of where life originates to take place of the Theory of Spontaneous Generation