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Biology 105 > Review Guide Questions > Flashcards

Review Guide Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is life?

A

Life is mainly oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen

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2
Q

What properties is our course based on?

A
  • Complexity - Ability to evolve - Ability to respond to the environment - Ability to reproduce
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3
Q

What is information?

A

A sequence of symbols that can be interpreted at a message via sequence or shape

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4
Q

How does cancer happen?

A

Cell division goes awry

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5
Q

What is melanoma?

A

cancer of the skin cells that produce melanin

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6
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A
  • proteins (monomer is amino acids) - carbohydrates - lipids (non polar, hydrophobic) - nucleic acids
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7
Q

What are the different types of bonds?

A
  • ionic - covalent - polar - hydrogen
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8
Q

Why is water special?

A
  • Great solvent (because polar) - Adhesion ability - High surface tension - Less dense when frozen
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9
Q

Draw a few water molecules

A
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10
Q

What do hydrophobic and hydrophillic mean?

A

Hydrophobic: water hating

Hydrophillic: water loving

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11
Q

Can you diagram DNA replication?

A
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12
Q

Can you diagram DNA transcription?

A
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13
Q

Can you diagram DNA translation?

A
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14
Q

Can you diagram the central dogma?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into a protein

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15
Q

What are the differences between a replication fork and a replication bubble?

A
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16
Q

Can you compare and contrast replication and transcription?

A
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17
Q

Can you draw a cell that is 2n = 6 going through meiosis and mitosis?

A
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18
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I of meiosis

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19
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Different genes independently sort from each other when reproductive cells develop

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20
Q

How is variation generated by meiosis?

A

Recombination (crossing over) and independent assortment

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21
Q

Who was Mendel and why was he important?

A

He was the founder of modern genetics, and he indentified many of the principles of heredity. These include: recessive and dominant gene patterns and the fact that genes can skip a generation

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22
Q

How does meiosis produce variable gametes?

A

Via recombination and independent assortment

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23
Q

What are the functions of each type of division?

A

Mitosis: allows dead or damaged cells to be replaced without loss of form or funciton, allows growth to happen

Meiosis: creates sperm or egg cells

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24
Q

Can you draw an example Punnett Square?

A
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25
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis (CF) and why?

A
  • Thick mucus
  • Persistent cough
  • Wheezing
  • Intolerance to exercise
  • Inability to gain weight

In cystic fibrosis, a defect (mutation) in a gene changes a protein that regulates the movement of salt in and out of cells. The result is thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as increased salt in sweat.

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26
Q

Are all genes expressed all the time?

A

No, it depends on the receptors. Genes are turned on and off via gene regulation

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27
Q

Compare prokaryotic gene regulation with eukaryotic gene regulaiton

A
28
Q

What are enhancers?

A

In genetics, an enhancer is a short region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur

29
Q

What is a promoter?

A

In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene

30
Q

What are repressors?

A

A substance that acts on an operon to inhibit messenger RNA synthesis.

31
Q

What are activators?

A

A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes. Most activators are DNA-binding proteins that bind to enhancers or promoter-proximal elements.

32
Q

Can you diagram the lac operon?

A
33
Q

What is genomic equivalency?

A

Each cell in the body has the same genetic code

34
Q

What are the exceptions to genomic equivalency?

A

B cells, T cells, liver cells, sex cells

35
Q

Can you describe speciation of sticklebacks?

A

Saltwater sticklebacks require body armour (pelivic girdle). When saltwater sticklebacks were transplanted into freshwater, the pelvic girdle made them easier to grab and eat, so the gene expression for the pelivic girdle was selected against. Now, freshwater sticklebacks do not have a pelvic girdle, despite the fact that the genome is the same in both fish (genomic equivalency)

36
Q

What are the five levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotes?

A
  • Chromatin remodeling
  • Transcription
  • RNA processing
  • Translation
  • Post-translational modification
37
Q

What is a species?

A

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

38
Q

How does a species form?

A

When a group of individuals is separated from the rest of their species for a long time, the individuals can evolve different traits. The longer the group is isolated from the rest of the species, the more likely it will evolve into a new species

39
Q

What are the two types of speciation?

A
  • Speciation via dispursal
  • Speciation via vicariance
40
Q

What is the modern definition of evolution?

A

Change in allele frequency in a population over time

41
Q

What are the four mechanisms of evolution?

A
  • Natural selection
  • Mutation
  • Gene flow
  • Genetic drift
42
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

The founder of evolution and author of Origin of the Species

43
Q

What are the different types of natural selection?

A
44
Q

What is sexual selection and what are the two types?

A

Interaction between members of the same or opposite sex thay results in differential mating success

  • Intrasexual selection: male-male competition
  • Intersexual selection: female choice
45
Q

What is fitness?

A

the genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation’s gene pool relative to the average for the population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age.

46
Q

Can you compare and contrast natural selection and genetic drift?

A

Both natural selection and genetic drift are mechanisms for evolution (they both change allele frequencies over time). The key distinction is that in genetic driftallele frequencies change by chance, whereas in natural selection allele frequencies change by differential reproductive success

47
Q

How does gene expression change during development?

A

The developmental potential, or potency, of a cell describes the range of different cell types it CAN become. The zygote and its very early descendents are totipotent - these cells have the potential to develop into a complete organism. Totipotency is common in plants, but is uncommon in animals after the 2-4 cell stage. As development proceeds, the developmental potential of individual cells decreases until their fate is determined.

48
Q

What are maternal affect genes?

A

A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother.

49
Q

What sort of chemical signals are there within multicellular organisms?

A

Endrocrime and paracrine signals

50
Q

What is the endrocrine system?

A

A system of interconnected glands and organisms that respond to two different types of stimuli. Helps regulate your internal environment and helps you respond to your envirnoment

51
Q

Can you compare and contrast steroids vs peptide hormones?

A
52
Q

What are G proteins?

A

G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior.

53
Q

What are kinases?

A

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)

54
Q

What are the differnt types of receptors?

A
  • Internal receptors (found in cytoplasm)
  • Cell surface receptors
  • Ion gated receptors
  • G protein receptors
  • Enzyme gated receptors
55
Q

Can you diagram the cell membrane?

A
56
Q

In a transmembrane protien, where would you expect the amino acids with hydrophobic side chains?

A

Interacting with the groups of the membrane phospholipids?

57
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

58
Q

Can you diagram and explain an action potential?

A
59
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released

60
Q

How does hearing work?

A

Sound waves enter the ear canal and make the ear drum vibrate. This action moves the tiny chain of bones in the middle ear. The last bone in this chain ‘knocks’ on the membrane window of the cochlea and makes the fluid in the cochlea move.

61
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The body’s defense system against pathogens

62
Q

What are the two main branches of the immune system (and can you describe them)?

A
63
Q

Why do vaccines work?

A

Because your body is equipped to recognize an antigen

64
Q

Describe the life cycle of HIV

A
  1. HIV binds to CD4 receptors on macrophages and T cells
  2. Reverse transcription takes the viral genome and copies it into the DNA
  3. Integrase splices the viral DNA into host DNA
  4. HIV uses the host machinery enzymes to transcribe its DNA and translate its mRNA
  5. Buds out of cell
65
Q

How do bees communicate?

A
  • The waggle corresponds to the orientation and distance of the feeding source
  • The waggle’s length corresponds to distance from the food source
  • The bee can adjust its dance for the change of the sun
66
Q

Choose a gene and diagram the flow of information from genotype to phenotype

A
67
Q
A

Biology 105 (2 decks)

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