review for midterm 2 Flashcards
Out of the meristematic tissue, which one corresponds to primary growth and which to secondary growth?
Apical = Primary
Lateral = Secondary
What’s the purpose of the root cap?
Protects that apical meristem as root pushes through soil
What are the 3 zones of growth in roots?
1) Zone of division
2) Zone of elongation
3) Zone of differentiation
What is the closest relative to plants?
Green algae (charophytes): absorbed water, minerals, and CO2 directly from surrounding tissue
Where did early non-vascular plants live and what kind of roots did it have?
They lived in shallow water and had aerial roots
What kind of plant w/ what characteristics were favoured by natural selection?
Tall plants with flat appendages, multicellular branching roots, and efficient transport, were favoured by natural selection
What evolution made it possible for long-distance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis?
The evolution of xylem and phloem in land plants made possible the long-distance transport of water, minerals and products of photosynthesis
What are the 2 basic functions of stems?
1) serve as conduits for water and nutrients
2) support structures for leaves
What 2 characteristics affect light capture and what’s the trade-off?
Shoot length and branching pattern affect light capture; trade-off b/w growing tall and branching
What is phyllotaxy?
the arrangement of leaves on a stem, this is a species specific important trait for light capture
What is the phyllotaxy of most angiosperms?
Alternate w/ spirally arranged leaves
What’s the angle b/w leaves that likely minimizes shading on lower leaves?
137.5 degrees
What is leaf area index?
ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by surface area of land on which it grows
What does leaf area index affect?
light absorption
What are root and shoot systems specialized for?
harvesting light, water, and nutrients
What are 2 characteristics of plants?
1) autotrophs
2) performing photosynthesis
What characteristic of leaves affect light capture?
Leaf orientation
In low light conditions, what kind of leaf orientation is best?
Horizontal
In sunny conditions, what kind of leaf orientation is best?
Vertical leaves as they get less damaged by the sun and they allow for lower leaves to get light
In what soil condition do roots branch the most?
They branch higher in high nitrate soil
What are the 3 transport routes for water and solutes?
1) apoplast
2) symplast
3) transmembrane
What does the apoplast route consist of?
through cell walls and extracellular space
What does the symplast route consist of?
through the cytosol (and plasmodesmata)
What does the transmembrane route consist of?
across cell walls