Review for final Flashcards
name of vertical plane divding right and left
equally
-median plane
unequal
-saggital plane
name of vertical plane divding into anterior and posterior
frontal/coronal plane
name of plane divides into superior and inferir
transverse plane
name of not vertical plane different from the rrest
oblique plane
movement occuring on same side
ipsilateral
opposite of opposition
reposition
skeleton of bones of head, neck and trunk
axial skeleton
skeleton of bones of limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdels
appendicular
why are newborns soft and flexible
mostyl composed of cartilage (boens have not yet ossified)
2 other names for spongy bones
trabecular of cancellous
in what structure of the bones are blood cells and platelets formed
medullary (marrow) cavity
qhat is the first layer of bone and what type of tissue
periosteum
-fibrous connective tissue
what tissue surrounds cartilage elements of bone
perichondrium
-exluding articular cartilage
type of bone - tubular structures (humers, phalanges)
long bones
type of bone - cuboidal and where are they only found
short bones
-ankle and wrist
type of bone - usually for protective function and give example
flat bones
-cranium bones
type of bone - various shapers other than long short or flat give example
irregular bones
-those of the face
type of bone - protect tendons from excessive wear and give example
sesamoid bone
-patella
the 3 types of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
what makes a fibrous joint
articulation of bones united by fibrous tissue
3 types of fibrous joints
suture
gomphosis
syndesmosis
joint that has bones joined by an interossesous ligament of sheet of fibrous tissue and give exaple
fibrous syndesmosis
-joining of middle radius and ulna or middle tibia and fibula
joint where fibrous tissue, periodontium anchors tooth to socket
fibrous gomphosis
what makes a cartilaginous joint
articulation by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
type of joint united by hyaline cartilage and give exapmle
primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
-developing long bone, epiphysis and body joint by ephiphysial plate
type of joint united by fibrocartilage and give an example
secondary cartilaginous joint
(symphysis)
-intervertebral joint (intervertebral disc)
what makes a synovial joint
contains a space that has fluid
muscle type - feather like, has 3 diff types
pennate
-unipennate
-bipennate
-multipennate
muscle type - spindle shaped
fusiform
muscle type - flat muscles witth parallel fibers
parallel muscl
muscle type - broad attachement and converge to a single attachment
convergent muscles
muscle type - surround body opening
circular muscle
muscle type - 2 bellies ina series, sharing common intermediate tendon
digastric muscle
automatic and not voluntary reflex
automatic
slight contraction, no movement
tonic contraction
contraction where no movmenet occurs but tension is above tonic levels
isometric
contraction where changes mouscle length to produce movement
isotonic
contraction produces movment thart shortens the msucle
concentric
contraction produces mvoemnt that lenghtens the muscle
eccentric
covering of individual muscle fibers
endomysium
group of fibers covered by
perimysium
entire muscle covered by
epimysium
layers of coverings of spinal cord from superficial to deep
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
type of nerve matter that contains nerve cell bodies
gray matter
type of nerve matter that contains interconnecting fiber tract systems
white matter
name the parts of the peripheral nervous sytem and briefly what they do
somatic
-voluntary movement
autonomic
-involuntary
1. sympatheitc (thoracolumbar)
-catabolic (fight or flight)
2. parasympatheic (craniosacral)
=anabolic
-peace
name the NORMAL curves of each veterbral section
-cerviccal lordosis
-thoracis kyphosis
-lumbar lordosis
-sacral kyphosis
another name of facet joints of vertebrae
zygapophysial
when there is excessive inward curvature of vertebrae what is this calles and thsi can be a side effect of what
excessive lordosis
-excessive lumbar lordosis from pregnancy
when there is excessive outward curvature of spine what is this called
excessive kyphosis
when there is curvature on lateral side of spine this is called what
scoliosis
how to tell if its a cervical vertebrae
body
-small and wide
foramen
-large and triangular
transverse processes
-small or absent
-anterior and posterior tubercles
articular processes
-stacked on top of each other and point out striaght
spinous processes
-short and bifid
how to tell if its a thoracic vertebrae
body
-heart shaped
-facets for ribs
foramen
-small and circular
transverse processes
-long
-facets for ribs
articular processes
-stick out laterally
spinous processes
-long
-overlap adjacent bodiesfac
name of facet of body of thoracic vertebrae fofr rib
demifacet
name of facet on transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae for rib
transverse costal facet
how to tell if its a lumbar vertebrae
body
-massive
-kidney shaped
foramen
-trangular
transverse processes
-long and slender
spinous processes
-short
-hatchet shaped
name layers of iv disc from superficial to deep
anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus
what happens to iv disc when it is weight bearingq
gets smushed
-sticks out on every side
what happens to iv disc during lateral flexion
smushes on side its lfexion and extends on opposite side
what happens to the nucleus pulpposus as one ages
dehydrates
becomes dry and granular and then becomes thinner
what happens to the anulus fibrosus with age
thickens
-develops cracks and cavities
blood flow in anulus fibrosus
avascular
between what vertebrae is there no iv disc
c1 and c2
laminae of adjacent vertebrae attached b y what
ligament flava
adjacent spinous processes are united by what
interspinous ligaments
-supraspinous ligaments
what ligament merges with the nuchal ligament
supraspinous ligament
what movement does the atlantooccipital joint permit
nodding movement - yes
what movement does the atlantoaxial joint permit
head to turn side to side - no
what type of joint is the atlantoocipital joint
condyloid synovial joint
what are the 3 atlantoaxial joints and what tpye of joitns
later and medial atlantoaxial (plane synovial joints)
median atlantoaxial (pivot)
what regions of the vertebral column are movements freer
cervical and lumbar
spinal cord begins as a contrinuation of what
medulla oblaganta
what part of spinal cord innervates upper limbs
cervical enlargement
what part of spinal cord innervates lower limbs
lumbosacral enlargement
what is the space around the spinal cord called
vertebral canal
name of the end of the formal spinal cord
conus medullaris
horsetail of spinal cord
cauda equina
what part of spinal cord acts as shock absorber
epidural fat
what type of joint is intervertberal
symphysis
what type of joitns are costovertebral and costotransverse
synovial plane
what type of joints are sternocostal
1st; synchodosis
2-7; synovial plane
sternoclavicular joint type
saddle synovial joint
costochondral joint type
synchondrosis
interchondral joint type
synovial plane
manubriosternal joint type
symphysis
xiphisternal joint typre
synchondrosis
forced inspiration does what tp rib cage
elevates and widen
forced experition does what to rib cage
depresses and comprosess
