Review Exams Flashcards
Issues related to attachment, safety, and security would be of most interest to a practitioner of:
Question 40Select one:
A.
object relations family therapy
B.
Milan systemic family therapy
C.
reality therapy
D.
Adlerian therapy
The correct answer is A.
Of the therapeutic approaches listed, only one prioritizes the importance of attachment, safety, and security. Early attachment and issues related to safety and security are key concerns for practitioners of object relations psychotherapy.
Answer B: Milan systemic family therapy is concerned with circular patterns of acting and reacting.
Answer C: Reality therapy is concerned with choice.
Answer D: Adlerian therapy is concerned with social factors.
According to Sue and Zane (1987), in terms of ensuring good treatment outcomes, the most important factor in culturally sensitive therapy is:
A.
demonstrating cultural knowledge
B.
using culture-specific techniques
C.
using techniques that establish credibility
D.
being authentic and empathic
The correct answer is C.
Sue and Zane note that, when discussing cross-cultural counseling, most authors focus on cultural knowledge and the use of culture-specific techniques. These investigators argue, however, that these factors are only the means to an end, which is establishing credibility [S. Sue and N. Zane, The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation, American Psychologist, 42(1), 37-45, 1987]. According to Sue and Zane, the therapist’s credibility is a key determinant of therapy outcome. Cultural knowledge and the use of culture-specific techniques are beneficial only to the extent that they contribute to the therapist’s credibility.
Answer A: Sue and Zane recognize the importance of cultural knowledge but argue that it is not sufficient to ensure positive outcomes in cross-cultural counseling.
Answer B: These authors also recognize the usefulness of culture-specific techniques but, again, view them as insufficient by themselves.
Answer D: Sue and Zane don’t address the issues of authenticity and empathy.
Black Racial Identity Development Model includes four stages, the last of which is:
Question 45Select one:
A.
autonomy
B.
internalization
C.
incorporation
D.
integrative awareness
The correct answer is B.
The current version of Cross’s model includes the following four stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization. The final stage of Cross’s model - i.e., internalization - is characterized by the development of “inner security” as identity conflicts are resolved along with increasing biculturalism/multiculturalism.
Answer A: This is the last status listed in Helm’s model.
Answer C: This is not one of Cross’s stages.
Answer D: This is the final stage of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model.
Question ID #10854: According to D. W. Sue (1978), an Anglo-American therapist with an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility is most likely to experience problems when working with a client who has an
A.
external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility
B.
external locus of control and external locus of responsibility
C.
internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility
D.
internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility
The correct answer is C.
Sue uses his model of worldview to describe issues and problems that Anglo-American therapists may face when working with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds. D. W. Sue and D. Sue discuss this issue in Counseling the culturally different, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. They conclude that an IC-ER worldview is likely to “pose the most difficult problems for the IC-IR white therapist” (p. 180) because the client is likely to challenge the therapist’s authority, view the therapist as part of the “establishment that has oppressed minorities” (p. 181), be reluctant to self-disclose, and prefer adopting an active role in the therapy process.
Answer A: The opposite is true.
Answer B: While a therapist with an IC-IR worldview would likely struggle working with a client with this worldview, Sue indicated that the IC-ER match would prove most difficult for an IC-IR therapist worldview.
Answer D: An IC-IR match would likely pose the least difficulty.
Question ID #13921: Ridley (1984) addressed the distrust that often exists between African American clients and their therapists and proposed that the therapist’s ethnicity is the MOST important factor for:
Question 136Select one:
A.
a confluent paranoiac
B.
a cultural paranoiac
C.
a nonparanoiac
D.
a dissonant paranoiac
The correct answer is A.
Ridley’s model distinguishes between nonparanoiacs, functional paranoiacs, healthy cultural paranoiacs, and confluent paranoiacs. A confluent paranoiac exhibits high cultural and functional paranoia, and his or her nondisclosure in therapy is due to a combination of pathology and the effects of racism. According to Ridley, these clients do better with a therapist of the same racial/ethnic group.
Answer B: A cultural paranoiac does not possess views as extreme as a confluent paranoiac and may benefit from a White or African American therapist.
Answer C: A nonparanoiac is likely to equally self-disclose to an African-American and White therapist.
Answer D: A dissonant paranoiac is not a known term according to Ridley.
Question ID #13106: During your first session with a Japanese client, you decide that your primary goals are to normalize the client’s problems and instill a sense of hope. According to Sue and Zane (1987), these goals are:
Question 160Select one:
A.
examples of “giving”
B.
ways of establishing ascribed credibility
C.
ways of fostering “amae”
D.
manifestations of “cultural expressiveness”
The correct answer is A.
Sue and Zane argue that therapy outcome for members of minority groups is enhanced by two factors – credibility and giving [S. Sue and N. Zane, The role of culture and cultural techniques in psychotherapy: A critique and reformulation, American Psychologist, 42(1), 37-45, 1987]. In therapy, giving can take several forms including normalization of the client’s problems and installation of hope.
Answer B: Credibility refers to the client’s perception that the therapist is an expert and is trustworthy. Establishing credibility involves, but is not limited to, demonstrating familiarity with and respect for the client’s culture and admitting any lack of knowledge.
Answer C: Fostering amae, an indigenous Japanese concept related to attachment and dependence, is not one of the two critical processes proposed by Zane and Sue in working with culturally diverse clients.
Answer D: This is not a manifestation of cultural expressiveness.
Question ID #10965: Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) investigated the sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youth and found that:
Question 173Select one:
A.
adolescent females had an earlier onset of all milestones
B.
adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestones
C.
adolescent females had an earlier onset of all milestones except first same-sex attraction
D.
adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestone except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person
The correct answer is D.
R. C. Savin-Williams and L. M. Diamond compared the sexual identity trajectories of male and female sexual-minority youth in terms of four milestones - first same-sex attraction, self-labeling, first same-sex sexual contact, and first disclosure [Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(6), 607-627, 2000]. Males had an earlier onset than females for all milestones except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person (age at first disclosure was not significantly different for males and females).
Answer A: The opposite is true with the exception of first disclosure of sexual orientation.
Answer B: This is true with one exception (age of first disclosure of sexual orientation).
Answer C: This is not true. Males had an earlier onset of all milestones with one exception.
Question text
Question ID #10965: Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) investigated the sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youth and found that:
Question 173Select one:
A.
adolescent females had an earlier onset of all milestones
B.
adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestones
C.
adolescent females had an earlier onset of all milestones except first same-sex attraction
D.
adolescent males had an earlier onset of all milestone except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person
The correct answer is D.
R. C. Savin-Williams and L. M. Diamond compared the sexual identity trajectories of male and female sexual-minority youth in terms of four milestones - first same-sex attraction, self-labeling, first same-sex sexual contact, and first disclosure [Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(6), 607-627, 2000]. Males had an earlier onset than females for all milestones except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person (age at first disclosure was not significantly different for males and females).
Answer A: The opposite is true with the exception of first disclosure of sexual orientation.
Answer B: This is true with one exception (age of first disclosure of sexual orientation).
Answer C: This is not true. Males had an earlier onset of all milestones with one exception.
Question ID #10128: The multisystems model:
A.
is not recommended for patriarchal families
B.
is only recommended for families that are egalitarian in nature
C.
addresses multiple systems, intervenes on multiple levels, and focuses on strengths
D.
addresses multiple systems and intervenes on multiple levels, but is not strengths-based
The correct answer is C.
Boyd-Franklin’s (1989) multisystems model addresses multiple systems, involves multi-level interventions, and focuses on building the family’s strengths.
Answer A: This is not an exclusion to the model.
Answer B: The multisystems model is recommended for work with African American families and past research has noted that two-parent African American families may rely upon egalitarian gender-roles; however, this does not mean that only egalitarian families benefit from this model.
Answer D: The model does include a strengths-based focus.
Question ID #10507: A person-centered (Rogerian) therapist would most likely respond to a client’s transference by:
Question 196Select one:
A.
interpreting it
B.
challenging it
C.
disregarding it
D.
reflecting it
The correct answer is C.
Transference is not expected to develop in person-centered therapy, at least not at the intense level that it does in psychodynamic therapy. Transference in person-centered therapy is essentially accepted and disregarded rather than interpreted as it is in many other forms of therapy. This is consistent with the here-and-now approach of person-centered therapy.
Answer A: This sounds more like a psychodynamic approach.
Answer B: A Rogerian therapists would likely view challenging as a representation of a condition of worth.
Answer D: While Rogerian therapists do utilize reflection as a therapeutic intervention, Rogerian therapists do not actively work with transference within session.
Question text
Question ID #13970: A client describes a recurring dream to his therapist in which the client’s parents are standing on top of a stairway and refuse to let him climb up to the bedroom. If the therapist is a practitioner of Gestalt Therapy, she will most likely:
Question 206Select one:
A.
analyze the content of the dream
B.
ask the client to discuss his relationship with his parents
C.
see the dream as indicative of the client’s current progress in therapy
D.
see the dream as representing parts of the client’s personality that need to be integrated
The correct answer is D.
The major goals of Gestalt Therapy are to help a client achieve self-responsibility and function as a systematic whole. Dream work is one of the many techniques Gestaltians use. A goal of Gestalt Therapy is to integrate the separate, fragmented parts of a client’s personality into a unified whole. In line with this goal, Gestaltians see elements of recurring dreams as representations of parts of the self that have not been fully accepted and integrated.
Answers A & B: Both these responses are more in line with a psychodynamic approach.
Answer C: Gestalt theory emphasizes dream interpretation. Thus, this is not the best response.
Carl Jung identified which of the following as the source of psychic energy?
Question 214Select one:
A.
Libido
B.
Archetypes
C.
Persona
D.
Personal unconscious
The correct answer is A.
Jung believed that all psychic phenomena are manifestations of energy. In contrast to Freud, Jung described libido as the source of all psychic energy (rather than as the source of sexual energy only).
Answer B: Archetypes are inherited images, ideas, and emotions that reside in the collective unconscious and predispose us to view the world in certain ways.
Answer C: As defined by Jung, the persona refers to the aspects of oneself (usually the ideal aspects of oneself) that are presented to others.
Answer D: Jung distinguished between the collective and the personal unconscious and defined the latter as the aspect of the unconscious that contains lost or repressed perceptions of personally experienced events.
Question ID #10380: During a therapy session, Dad, who is normally soft-spoken and mild-mannered, becomes very agitated and starts yelling. The oldest daughter becomes upset and says, “Please stop, you’re scaring Johnny” (the 6-year old son). Dad stops yelling and becomes calm again. This is an example of:
Question 35Select one:
A.
positive feedback.
B.
scapegoating.
C.
family homeostasis.
D.
the double-bind.
The correct answer is C.
In this situation, the daughter’s reaction to her father’s uncharacteristic behavior serves to return the situation to its usual state. Homeostasis refers to the tendency of systems (including family systems) to maintain the status quo. In this situation, the daughter’s reaction is acting as negative feedback, which causes the father to act more characteristically.
Answer A: Positive feedback serves to change or disrupt the family’s status quo.
Answer B: A scapegoat is the family member who is blamed for the family’s problems.
Answer D: Double-bind communication involves a mixed (contradictory) message and has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia.
Question ID #10766: A systemic family therapist uses “circular questioning” in order to:
Question 41Select one:
A.
obtain unbiased information from family members.
B.
help family members recognize differences in their perceptions.
C.
refocus the attention of family members to the here-and-now.
D.
obtain information about the family’s transactional patterns and style.
The correct answer is B.
The goal of many of the techniques used by systemic family therapists is to provide family members with the information they need to identify solutions to their problems. As defined by systemic family therapists, circular questions are used to help family members identify similarities and differences in their perceptions about events and relationships.
Answer A: Circular questions are designed to elicit the perceptions of family members (which are subjective).
Answer C: Circular questions are not intended to reorient one’s attention to the here-and-now.
Answer D: This sounds more like structural family therapy.
Question ID #11078: Researchers who have investigated the association between race/ethnicity and advance directives have generally found that:
Question 45Select one:
A.
there are no cultural differences in patient willingness to complete advance directives.
B.
Native American patients are more likely than White patients to complete advance directives.
C.
White American patients are less likely than Black patients to complete advance directives.
D.
Black American patients are less likely than White patients to complete advance directives.
The correct answer is D.
Several studies have found a relationship between race/ethnicity and end-of-life decisions (e.g., J. Kwak and W. E. Haley, Current research findings on end-of-life decision making among racially or ethnically diverse groups, The Gerontologist, 45(5), 634-641, 2005). Black American patients are less likely than White patients to complete advance directives, and this seems to be due primarily to misinformation and/or mistrust in the healthcare system, with the latter being attributable to previous personal experiences and awareness of past abuses by healthcare providers (e.g., the Tuskegee syphilis study, Henrietta Lacks, maternal morbidity disparities).
Answer A: Cultural differences in end-of-life decisions have been established in a number of research studies.
Answer B: This has not been found to be true.
Answer C: The opposite is true.
Irvin Yalom (1985) described the group therapist’s role primarily as which of the following?
Question 46Select one:
A.
Technical expert
B.
Advocate/ role model
C.
Clinical adviser
D.
Passive participant
The correct answer is A.
Yalom views the therapist as both a “technical expert” and an “active participant/model.” Answers B: While Yalom described the importance of therapist modeling, he did not describe the therapist role as that of an advocate.
Answer C: Yalom did not describe the therapist as a clinical adviser.
Answer D: Yalom advocated responsible self-disclosure by the therapist as this facilitates the therapist’s participation in the group and allows the therapist to actively model desirable behavior.
In an attempt to live up to mainstream standards of beauty, a member of a racial minority group alters her appearance in order to “look White.” This is best described as an example of:
Question 51Select one:
A.
racial stereotypes.
B.
racial stigmatization.
C.
internalized racism.
D.
interpersonal racism.
The correct answer is C.
Several types of racism are distinguished in the literature. Two of these are internalized racism and interpersonal racism (answers C and D). Others include cultural, structural, and institutional racism. See, e.g., P. Figueroa, Education and the social construction of “race,” London, Routledge, 1991. Internalized racism refers to the internalization of negative beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes related to race. It is also known as individual racism and, when it involves acceptance of negative views by a member of the stigmatized group, it is also referred to as internalized oppression and may be expressed as rejecting one’s own culture and attempting to act or look like members of the dominant culture.
Answer A: Racial stereotypes are overgeneralized beliefs about individuals based on their race.
Answer B: Racial stigmatization refers to the process of stigmatizing (shaming, disgracing) individuals on the basis of their race.
Answer D: Interpersonal racism refers to the expression of racism between individuals and is manifested, for example, by social exclusion, unfair treatment and harassment.
A primary goal of Minuchin’s structural family therapy is to:
A.
increase differentiation in family members by identifying and restructuring family triangles.
B.
replace rigid and diffuse boundaries with clear boundaries.
C.
balance separation and togetherness.
D.
align boundaries with family systems and subsystems.
The correct answer is B.
You may have been able to narrow the responses given for this question by knowing that “boundaries” are a key target in Minuchin’s approach. From the perspective of structural family therapy, family dysfunction can be traced to boundaries that are overly rigid or diffuse. “Clear” boundaries are appropriate and functional boundaries.
Answer A: For the exam, you want to have the term “differentiation” associated with Bowen.
Answer C: Although alterations in boundaries may have this effect, this response does not describe Minuchin’s approach as well as answer B does.
Answer D: “Aligning boundaries” does not describe Minuchin’s approach as well as answer B does.
Question ID #10752: In schools, psychological consultants are often hired to help teachers or other school personnel resolve problems related to specific individual students. This is referred to as:
Question 37Select one:
A.
consultee-centered case consultation
B.
client-centered case consultation
C.
consultee-centered administrative consultation
D.
client-centered administrative consultation
The correct answer is B.
The question describes client-centered case consultation, which is the most common form of consultation in schools and elsewhere. In this situation, a consultant is working with a consultee to resolve a problem with a particular client (case).
Answer A: In consultee-centered consultation, the focus is on the consultee’s skills, abilities, and objectivity so that he/she can work more effectively with a particular group of clients in the future.
Answer C: This type of consultation focuses on helping consultees (administrators) develop the skills they need to more effectively develop and implement programs.
Answer D: This made-up term is not part of Caplan’s model.
Question ID #11015: Which of the following techniques would a psychologist most likely use to clarify the emotional distance or closeness between family members?
Question 40Select one:
A.
sculpting
B.
mimesis
C.
role-reversal
D.
reframing
The correct answer is A.
In family sculpting, family members position themselves (or objects that represent them) in physical space in a way that reflects their relations and roles within the family system. The process usually involves having each family member, one at a time, create his or her own sculpture. Sculpting can be useful for revealing family members differing perceptions and feelings, especially each member’s view of the emotional closeness or distance between them. Although sculpting is a very subjective technique, it often provides insight into how family members perceive their own and one another’s roles and positions within the family.
Answer B: Mimesis is associated with structural family therapy, in which the therapists first task is to develop a therapeutic system by joining the family in a position of leadership. Joining can be divided into three types: 1) Joining from a distant position: The therapist teaches and gives directive advice. 2) Joining from a median position (tracking): The therapist serves as an active, neutral listener, and uses techniques such as summarizing, observing, and commenting on processes. 3) Joining from a close position (mimesis): The therapist imitates (mimics) the affective range, style, and/or the content of the family’s communications in order to build kinship with them and solidify the therapeutic alliance.
Answer C: Role-reversal is a technique where clients are asked to act out past, present, or anticipated situations (usually socially stressful situations) and roles in order to gain new and deeper understanding to achieve catharsis.
Answer D: Reframing is a verbal technique used to help clients change the meaning they give to an event, behavior, or experience by gently persuading them that it can be viewed in a different and more positive light.
Question ID #12767: Nonsexist therapy, in comparison to feminist therapy, places greater emphasis on:
Question 44Select one:
A.
the impact of sex roles and sexism
B.
modification of personal behavior
C.
treating men and women the same
D.
the egalitarian nature of the therapeutic relationship
The correct answer is B.
To a large degree, nonsexist therapy and feminist therapy overlap. Of the answers given, this is the best choice. While feminist therapy produces a change in personal behavior, that change is more consistently framed within the sociopolitical arena in which it occurs. In contrast, nonsexist therapy, while recognizing sociopolitical influences, also looks at personal change separately.
Answer A: This is characteristic of both forms of therapy.
Answer C: Both types of therapy advocate that men and women be treated as equals but not necessarily the same.
Answer D: This is an explicit goal of feminist therapy and, perhaps to a lesser degree, a characteristic of nonsexist therapy.
Question ID #12984: A client is acting in a passive-aggressive way toward a psychology intern who, in turn, becomes unconsciously passive-aggressive toward her supervisor. This is an example of which of the following?
Question 46Select one:
A.
Transference
B.
Countertransference
C.
Over-involvement
D.
Parallel process
The correct answer is D.
In this situation, the intern’s behavior with the counselor is “mirroring” the client’s behavior with the intern. This type of mirroring is referred to as parallel process.
Answers A & B: Parallel process is conceptualized as a reflection of the transference/countertransference process.
Answer C: This is a made-up term.
Question text
Question ID #13099: The term homophobia was coined by:
Question 47Select one:
A.
Richard Troiden
B.
Gregory Herek
C.
George Weinberg
D.
Claire Renzetti
The correct answer is C.
George Weinberg was a Jewish-American psychologist who termed the phrase homophobia in the 1960’s.
Answer A: Richard Troiden was a researcher who proposed the Homosexual Identity Development Model.
Answer B: Gregory Herek opposed the use of the word homophobia as he believed this term was ambiguous and imprecise.
Answer D: You may recognize Renzetti’s name from the study materials which include her theorizations about internalized homophobia.
Question ID #13418: Which of the following terms is least descriptive of the Lockean tradition underlying the Western approach to individual psychotherapy?
Question 50Select one:
A.
Linear-cause effect
B.
Reductionistic
C.
Individualistic
D.
Relativistic
The correct answer is D.
Most individual therapies - e.g., Freudian psychoanalysis, Jung’s analytical psychology, Adler’s individual psychology, and Rogerian therapy - reflect a Lockean approach. A Lockean approach emphasizes linear cause-effect relationships, individualism over collectivism, and a deterministic and reductionist perspective. Relativism is more characteristic of non-western and systems approaches. The Lockean tradition reflects an absolutist approach.
Answer A, B, & C: These are characteristics of the Lockean tradition.
