Review Flashcards
Question ID #10305: Which of the following is of the LEAST concern when utilizing telepsychology?
Select one:
A.
How to maintain the clients confidentiality and privacy
B.
How will informed consent be obtained
C.
Which technological devices will provide the best services
D.
Which local and federal laws affect the delivery of telepsychological services
The correct answer is C.
While technology should be considered, it is not as significant as the factors listed in the other responses.
Answers A, B, and D: While telepsychology has the potential to be easily available, there are also several difficulties and risks that may be involved with its use, such as confidentiality and privacy, how to obtain informed consent, whether the psychologist can practice across state lines, awareness of differences in local laws as they pertain to the use of telepsychology, etc.
Which of the following is not an essential component of training in supervision?
Select one:
A.
Knowledge of competency-based supervision models and practices
B.
Understanding of the nature of the supervisory relationship
C.
Ability to increase supervisees’ clinical capacity and skill
D.
Completion of a supervision course that includes feedback of recorded sessions
The correct answer is D.
While this would likely prove to be invaluable, the APA guidelines for clinical supervision do not list this as an essential component of training in supervision. The guidelines rather indicate that formal education and training in supervision should include instruction in didactic seminars, continuing education, or supervised supervision.
Answer A, B, and C: All of these components are recognized as key areas for training in supervision by the APA guidelines on supervision.
Question text
Question ID #10325: The process that occurs in group psychotherapy when the leader’s own unconscious, involuntary, inappropriate, and temporarily gratifying response becomes entangled in the therapeutic relationship with a group member to the extent that this obstructs or even destroys the leader’s objectivity is known as:
Question 11Select one:
A.
role reversal
B.
transference
C.
countertransference
D.
acting out
The correct answer is C.
Experts have noted that the group leader’s role may be impacted by collective projective processes or the shared transferences of participants. This has the potential to result in non-therapeutic countertransference enactments. The leader’s ability to manage these internal reactions and respond therapeutically is related to positive treatment outcomes.
Answer A: Role reversal is a technique that is at times used in psychodrama. It involves having two individuals exchange roles for the purpose of working through an interpersonal issue.
Answer B: Multiple transferences occur within group therapy as group members experience transference towards the therapist, between one another, and collectively.
Answer D: In group therapy, acting out occurs when a group member indirectly expresses a thought, feeling, or desire behaviorally rather than verbally.
Question text
Question ID #10335: The framework for integrating cultural humility into therapy includes all the following except:
Question 21Select one:
A.
focus on client self-examination and self-awareness
B.
building the therapeutic alliance
C.
repairing cultural ruptures
D.
navigating value differences
The correct answer is A.
Cultural humility advocates that therapists commit to lifelong learning which entails self-examination and self-awareness.
Answers B, C, and D: Mosher, Hook, Captari, Davis, Deblaere, & Owen (2017) proposed a four-part framework for integrating cultural humility in therapy which includes: engaging in critical self-examination and self-awareness, building the therapeutic alliance, repairing cultural ruptures, and navigating value differences.
What family therapy prioritizes the first session of therapy and has four stages: the social stage, the problem stage, the interaction stage, and the goal-setting stage?
Question Select one:
A.
Structural Family Therapy
B.
Functional Family Therapy
C.
Extended Family Systems Therapy
D.
Strategic Family Therapy
The correct answer is D.
Strategic family therapy, developed by Jay Haley, considers the first session of therapy to be an important determinant of the course of therapy, and the first session involves four stages. In the social stage, the therapist observes the interactions of family members and encourages the involvement of all members. In the problem stage, the therapist gathers information about what brought the family to therapy. In the interaction stage, the therapist observes the family members discussing the identified problem. In the goal-setting stage, the therapist and family members agree on a contract that defines the goals for therapy.
Answer A: Structural family therapy, developed by Salvador Minuchin, posits that all families have an implicit structure that determines how family members relate to each other. Therapy techniques joining, evaluating the family structure, and restructuring the family.
Answer B: Functional family therapy, developed by James Alexander, has a clinical practice model with three distinct phases: engagement and motivation, behavior change, and generalization.
Answer C: Extended family systems therapy, developed by Murray Bowen, describes the functioning of family members in terms of differentiation of self, emotional triangles, and the family projection process. This therapy usually includes only two family members so the therapist can become the third member in the therapeutic triangle.
Question ID #11253: Cultural humility can be distinguished from cultural competence in that it emphasizes all of the following except:
Question 42Select one:
A.
nurturing a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critique
B.
fostering an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented
C.
attendance to power imbalances
D.
acquiring factual knowledge related to various cultural groups with the goal of being an expert in multicultural competence
The correct answer is D.
This description is more in line with the traditional notion of cultural competence which is distinguished from cultural humility. One significant criticism of the traditional notion of cultural competence is that it overemphasizes trite knowledge acquisition that often stereotypes cultural groups rather than lending to a nuanced understanding of cultural diversity.
Answers A, B, and C: Proponents of cultural humility hold that this concept balances necessary knowledge acquisition with “a greater emphasis on a life-long commitment; encourages nurturing of self-evaluation and critique; addresses power imbalances; promotes interpersonal sensitivity; requires an attitude of openness and egolessness; involves supportive interaction; entails maintaining an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented; necessitates learning from differences” (Campinha-Bacote, 2018).
Question ID #11257: From the perspective of Gestalt therapy, introjection is:
Question 45Select one:
A.
the result of an unresolved conflict
B.
an image disturbance
C.
a boundary disturbance
D.
a defense mechanism
The correct answer is C.
Gestalt therapists use the term introjection to describe an overly permeable boundary between the person and the environment. From this perspective, neurotic behavior is often the result of a disturbance in the boundary between the person and his/her external environment.
Answer A: This concept is described in psychoanalytic literature.
Answer B: Perls did theorize about the concept of a self-image, however, an image of disturbance is not an actual term used in his theory.
Answer D: The main difference between Freud’s and Perls’ conceptualization of defense mechanisms is that Freud viewed defense mechanisms as an id-ego interaction; however, Perls viewed defense mechanisms as a boundary disturbance.
Question ID #11258: Research on Yalom’s (1985) curative factors in group therapy indicates that which of the following factors are likely to be cited as most important by group members?
Question 46Select one:
A.
Cohesion, interpersonal learning, catharsis, self-understanding
B.
Universality, instillation of hope, interpersonal learning, and self-understanding
C.
Identification, intrapersonal understanding, catharsis, and family re-enactment
D.
Instillation of hope, mutual sharing, altruism, and insight
The correct answer is A.
Yalom and others have conducted research to identify the curative factors that group members consider most important. Although the results of research on Yalom’s curative factors vary, depending on the type of therapy group, these four factors are often cited as most critical by group therapy members.
Answer B: Universality and instillation of hope are not included among the four most cited curative factors.
Answer C: Of the four factors listed in this answer, only catharsis is included among the four most cited curative factors.
Answer D: None of these factors are included among the four most cited curative factors.
Question ID #11270: A feminist therapist is least likely to view which of the following as an important aspect or goal of therapy?
Question 54Select one:
A.
Identifying the sociopolitical and interpersonal forces that underlie a woman’s symptoms
Incorrect
B.
Reconstructing the therapeutic process so that the traditional pattern of dependence is not recreated in the therapeutic relationship
C.
Using the therapeutic relationship as an opportunity to model appropriate behavior
D.
Identifying and integrating the masculine and feminine aspects of the woman’s personality
Feedback
The correct answer is D.
For feminist therapists, a primary goal of therapy is helping the client understand and appropriately respond to forces in the environment that impact the client’s life. Feminist therapists are more likely to avoid labeling aspects of the personality as “masculine” or “feminine”.
Answer A: Feminist therapists emphasize the role of sociopolitical factors in maladaptive behavior and, therefore, a goal of therapy is to help the client understand that the “personal is political”.
Answer B: Feminist therapists regard the relationship between therapist and client as a relationship between equals and use it as a model of equality to help female clients overcome barriers created by traditional roles and relationships.
Answer C: Feminist therapists view the therapeutic relationship as an opportunity to model egalitarianism and other adaptive behaviors.
A Milan systemic family therapist will emphasize the use of which of the following in therapy?
Question 58Select one:
A.
Directives
B.
Holons
C.
Maneuvers, coalitions, and games
Incorrect
D.
Circular questions
The correct answer is D.
A primary goal of Milan systemic family therapy is to “help family members see their choices and to assist them in exercising their prerogative of choosing” (Gelcer, McCabe, & Smith-Resnick, 1990, p. 22). For systemic therapists, questions are not only a means for obtaining information but also act as a therapeutic intervention. Circular questions help define and clarify confused ideas and behaviors and introduce new information to family members.
Answer A: Systemic family therapists view therapy as facilitative and, therefore, avoid the use of directives.
Answer B: As used by Minuchin, the term “holon” refers to the concept that a phenomenon is simultaneously a whole and its parts.
Answer C: Maneuvers, coalitions, and games are avoided by systemic therapists because they are more directive than facilitative.
A therapist replicates problems with her supervisor that are manifested by her client in therapy during supervision. What accurately describes this phenomenon?
Question 59Select one:
A.
Parallel process
B.
Mental health consultation
C.
Parallel interaction
D.
Triangular model
The correct answer is A.
Parallel process occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward the supervisor in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
Answer B: Consultation is distinct from clinical supervision. Mental health consultation is largely attributed to Caplan (1970), who distinguished between four different types of mental health consultation involving three different individuals or entities.
Answer C: In Janet Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model (1990, 1995), a parallel interaction occurs when the client and therapist have the same (or similar) levels of racial/cultural identity.
Answer D: The triangular model is a form of supervision that emphasizes providing service to clients that includes organizational policies, professional knowledge, and the supervisory relationship.
According to Gregory Herek, ______________ refers to “cultural ideologies that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals.”
Question 62Select one:
A.
heterosexism
B.
homophobia
C.
bigotry
D.
sexual bias
The correct answer is A.
Herek attributes violence against “homosexuals” to heterosexism which he defines as an “ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community” (p. 150). [Psychological heterosexism and anti-gay violence: The social psychology of bigotry. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill, Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 149-169), Newbury Park, Sage, 1992]. For the exam, you want to be familiar with the terms Herek uses as alternatives to homophobia – i.e., sexual stigma, heterosexism, and sexual prejudice.
Answer B: Herek proposed replacing the word homophobia as he believed that the term was imprecise and ambiguous.
Answer C: This term has a much broader meaning.
Answer D: Herek used the term “sexual stigma” rather than “sexual bias”.
A therapist instructs a client who suffers from insomnia to polish his hardwood floors for at least two hours whenever he wakes up during the night. Apparently this therapist is familiar with the work of:
Question 70Select one:
A.
Luigi Boscolo
B.
Milton Erickson
C.
Salvador Minuchin
D.
Marquis de Sade
The correct answer is B.
The task described in the question is an example of an “ordeal”. For the exam, you should have paradoxical techniques and ordeals associated with Milton Erickson and Jay Haley (who was strongly influenced by Erickson).
Answer A: Luigi Boscolo is affiliated with the Milan systemic school of family therapy, which is not associated with the use of ordeals.
Answer C: The use of ordeals is more associated with Erikson and Haley than with Minuchin.
Answer D: Sade was a French philosopher who has been linked to the concept of sadomasochism.
To incorporate the value of personalismo into therapy, a therapist will:
Question 74Select one:
A.
integrate members of the extended family into the intervention
Incorrect
B.
maintain a neutral attitude even when family members are discussing unpleasant topics
C.
display genuine interest in the client by asking about his/her family and work or school
D.
establish credibility early in therapy by demonstrating knowledge of indigenous healing practices
The correct answer is C.
Personalismo sounds like what it is - i.e., communication that fosters warmth, rapport, and a personal connection. Although formalismo (a formal communication style) is generally preferred by Latino/Hispanic clients during initial therapy sessions, personalismo is preferred once the therapeutic alliance has been established.
Answer A: Integrating members of the extended family into the intervention would be consistent with the value of familismo.
Answer B: Maintaining a neutral attitude is not consistent with personalismo.
Answer D: Demonstrating knowledge of indigenous healing practices may be important but would not necessarily foster personalismo.
Question ID #11309: For Carl Rogers, incongruence between self and experience:
Select one:
A.
motivates the change required for positive growth
B.
can lead to denial or distortion of the self or experience
C.
inherently fosters greater personal insight and awareness
D.
can lead to a failure identity
The correct answer is B.
According to Rogers, for an individual to achieve self-actualization, his/her sense of self must remain unified, organized, and whole. Rogers believed that the self can become disorganized when there is incongruence between the self and experience. This occurs when the individual experiences conditions of worth (e.g., is given attention or affection only when he/she acts in certain ways.).
Answer A: Person-centered therapy is based on the assumption that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and that maladaptive behavior occurs when “incongruence between self and experience” disrupts this natural tendency.
Answer C: Rogers proposed that incongruence can lead to anxiety, which the individual may attempt to alleviate by denying or distorting the self and/or the experience. Thus, incongruence may lead to diminished insight and self-awareness.
Answer D: This sounds like reality therapy.
Troiden’s (1988) Gay/Lesbian (Homosexual) Identity Development Model predicts that individuals in the sensitization stage:
Question 80Select one:
A.
realize that they are gay or lesbian
B.
begin to come out to friends in the gay/lesbian community
C.
feel different or alienated from their same-sex peers
D.
believe they are gay or lesbian but try to pass as heterosexual
The correct answer is C.
Troiden’s (1988) Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model distinguishes between four age-related stages: sensitization, self-recognition, identity assumption, and commitment. The sensitization stage usually occurs in middle childhood. During this stage, the individual feels different from their peers. For example, the individual may realize that their interests differ from those of same-gender classmates.
Answer A: This is characteristic of the self-recognition stage which occurs at the onset of puberty.
Answer B: This is characteristic of the identity assumption stage.
Answer D: This is not characteristic of the sensitization stage.
According to Carl Rogers, a therapist is “congruent” when the therapist:
Question 82Select one:
A.
is able to accurately reflect the client’s feelings
B.
avoids becoming emotionally triangulated with the client
C.
avoids making judgments about the clients behaviors
D.
is authentic and nondefensive
The correct answer is D.
Rogers proposed that, for therapy to be effective, the therapist must provide three facilitative conditions - unconditional positive regard, congruence (genuineness), and accurate empathic understanding. Congruence involves being genuine, authentic, and nondefensive.
Answer A: This sounds more like accurate empathic understanding.
Answer B: This does not describe congruence.
Answer C: This describes unconditional positive regard.
From the perspective of Jay Haley’s strategic family therapy, “symptoms” are primarily _____ phenomena.
Question 83Select one:
A.
affective
B.
intrapsychic
C.
interpersonal
D.
cognitive
The correct answer is C.
Haley’s strategic family therapy was influenced by the communication/interaction school of family therapy and focuses on communication and other interactions between family members. For strategic family therapists, a symptom is an interpersonal phenomenon that represents an attempt to control a relationship.
Answer A: While symptoms have an emotional component, this component is part of a larger relational phenomenon.
Answer B: The opposite is true. Symptoms are relational rather than purely intrapsychic.
Answer D: Symptoms have a cognitive component but are relational.
Question ID #11316: Research by Howard and his colleagues (1986) found that about ___% of therapy clients show “marked improvement” by the 26th therapy session.
Question 84Select one:
A.
25
B.
45
C.
75
D.
95
The correct answer is C.
Howard et al. (1986) found that the positive relationship between therapy duration and therapy outcome “levels off” at about the 26th therapy session. These investigators report that about 75% of therapy clients show “measurable improvement” by 26 sessions; and, at 52 sessions, this number increases to only about 85%.
Answers A, B, and D: The correct answer is 75%.
Question ID #11317: This manualized treatment approach promotes the use of role playing in the treatment of alcohol use disorder:
Question 85Select one:
A.
12-step facilitation therapy
B.
Alcoholics Anonymous
C.
Motivational Enhancement Therapy
D.
Motivational Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder
The correct answer is A.
Twelve-step facilitation therapy is a manualized treatment approach developed by Nowinski, Baker, and Carroll for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. The use of role-playing is emphasized throughout this treatment manual.
Answer B: Alcoholics Anonymous programs are peer-led.
Answer C: MET is a therapeutic treatment approach that utilizes the tenets of motivational interviewing to resolve one’s ambivalence about engaging in substance use treatment. While a MET treatment manual specific to alcohol use has been developed, this manual does not specifically endorse the use of role-playing.
Answer D: This is not an actual model.
For Gestalt therapists, maladaptive behavior:
Question 104Select one:
A.
is a “developmental anomaly”
B.
reflects the adoption of mistaken beliefs
C.
results from the adoption of an unhealthy life script
D.
reflects a “growth disorder”
The correct answer is D.
Like other humanistic therapists, Gestalt therapists view the individual as having an innate tendency for positive growth. For Gestalt therapists, neurotic behavior reflects interference with natural growth and a resulting lack of integration.
Answer A: This does not accurately describe the Gestaltian view of maladaptive behavior.
Answer B: This sounds more like cognitive views of maladaptive behavior.
Answer C: This is consistent with the assumptions of transactional analysis
Question ID #11344: During the first therapy session with a couple experiencing numerous problems in their relationship, their therapist requests that, during the next week, they identify things in their relationship that they would like to continue. Most likely, this therapist is a practitioner of:
Question 107Select one:
A.
solution-focused therapy
B.
Milan systemic family therapy
C.
behavioral marital therapy
D.
operant interpersonal therapy
The correct answer is A.
In the situation described in this question, the therapist has assigned the couple a task that will help them focus on the positive aspects of their relationship. In solution-focused therapy, this is an example of a “formula task.” Its purpose is to help the couple identify positive aspects of their relationship that, in turn, can lead to solutions to their marital difficulties.
Answer B: While solution-focused therapists focus on solutions, Milan systemic family therapists are concerned with helping family members understand their relational problems in new ways.
Answer C: Behavioral family therapists focus on altering environmental factors that maintain problematic behavior.
Answer D: This is a behavioral marital therapy that utilizes contingency contracts to increase the number and range of positive reinforcements exchanged by couples.
A primary goal of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is:
Question 109Select one:
A.
resolving underlying conflicts
B.
living in an authentic, meaningful way
C.
satisfying needs in responsible ways
D.
reducing or alleviating symptoms
The correct answer is D.
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is based on a medical model and views depression and other mental disorders as illnesses. As its name implies, a primary goal of IPT is improved interpersonal relationships. However, consistent with the medical model, IPT also focuses on symptom reduction.
Answer A: This is characteristic of psychotherapies based on Freudian theory.
Answer B: This sounds like existential therapy.
Answer C: This is a goal of reality therapy.
Question ID #12211: In the context of psychotherapy research, a “placebo” ordinarily involves providing participants with which of the following?
Question 114Select one:
A.
A treatment that is already known to be effective
Incorrect
B.
A treatment that is already known to be ineffective
C.
Nontherapeutic (“inert”) interventions
D.
Nonspecific factors of psychotherapy
The correct answer is D.
The concept of a “placebo” was originally derived from medical research. In medical research, a placebo is an inert (inactive) substance or treatment. However, in psychotherapy research, a placebo treatment usually involves providing participants with the nonspecific factors of therapy such as attention and support.
Answer A and B: Treatments known to have either a positive or negative therapeutic effect would not be considered placebo treatments.
Answer C: This is more congruent with the medical definition of a placebo.
