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Radiographic Physics Exam 1 > Review Chart 2 > Flashcards

Review Chart 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dosimetry is used for what?

A

Detecting radiation

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2
Q

What is the primary factor for radiographic contrast?

A

kV

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3
Q

What effect would reducing the FFD have?

A

Number of x-rays reaching the film increases

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4
Q

What are considered the standard tube distances (SID, that is)?

A

40” and 72”

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the rectifiers?

A

Changes the current from alternating to direct

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6
Q

Which of the following is the usual tube warm-up technique?

A

2 exposures with the 2nd using 2 times the mAs

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7
Q

What will reduce penumbra?

A

Small focal spot

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8
Q

If you want to produce more x-rays, what would you do?

A

Increase the mA

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9
Q

A decrease in the anode angle would have what effect?

A

Smaller effective focal spot

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10
Q

Anode heel effect refers to what?

A

A reduced intensity of the x-ray beam on the anode side of the tube

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11
Q

What is the method of choice for limiting the size of an x-ray beam?

A

Collimator

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12
Q

Where should compensating filtration be used when taking a lateral thoracic film?

A

Lower thoracic spine

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13
Q

Added filtration is a term used for what?

A

Filtration between the collimator and patient

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14
Q

When is the safest time to x-ray a female?

A

10 days AFTER onset of menses

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15
Q

If a doctor inadvertently x-rayed a pregnant patient and was dumb enough to keep taking retakes until the fetus was exposed to 5 rads, what would probably be the outcome?

A

No effect

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16
Q

How much lead equivalency do most shielding devices have in them?

A

1 mm

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17
Q

What x-ray equipment experiences thermionic emission?

A

A filament

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18
Q

What is the main difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

A

Ionizing has a short wavelength and high frequency

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19
Q

How many rems are in a seivert?

A

100

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20
Q

What is considered a standard SID?

A

72”

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21
Q

Determine the outcome of a film if the tube distance is reduced from 72”FFD to 40”FFD with the mAs and kV constant?

A

The 40” film will be darker

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22
Q

What is the value of knowing the heat units of your unit?

A

To determine the proper density of the film

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23
Q

What does it mean to attenuate an x-ray beam?

A

Reduce the intensity

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24
Q

An accurate collimator should not allow more than what percentage of the SID of light outside of the exposure field?

A

2%

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25
Q

A filament is usually made of which metal?

A

Tungsten

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26
Q

Targets are usually made of which metal?

A

Copper

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27
Q

Which type of ray in the x-ray beam is the most perpendicular to the patient?

A

Central ray

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28
Q

What will dissipate the most heat?

A

Rotating anode

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29
Q

Let’s say that you are considering tubes for spinal radiography…what would you tell your dealer about your desired tube?

A

“I want my tube to be a dual focus with a rotor.”

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30
Q

What is most helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine x-ray?

A

Having the anode toward the cervical

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31
Q

How much inherent filtration can you expect your tube housing and its contents to have?

A

.5mm

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32
Q

From which of the following does the electron cloud form?

A

The filament

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33
Q

At a set FFD and film size, the less collimation used the ________ the film will be?

A

Darker

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34
Q

The shutters of a collimator are made of which material?

A

Aluminum

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35
Q

The electron cloud is formed by which process?

A

Thermionic emission

36
Q

If you are x-raying a 400 pound man’s lumbar spine, how do you save your machine?

A

Using a decreased anode angle

37
Q

You have taken an AP lumbo-pelvic film and notice a 2 inch white or very light band extending across the top of the radiograph. The bottom and lateral margins of it are properly exposed. The ischial tuberosities are within 1 inch of the bottom of the film. With this info, what went wrong?

A

Central ray is too low

38
Q

Why do we want to filter out as many of the soft rays as possible?

A

They cause more scatter to reach the film

39
Q

You’ve taken an AP thoracic radiograph and notice that the upper part of the spine is overexposed. What should you have done to get a better film?

A

Used a filter for the upper part of the film

40
Q

Besides indicating anatomy of the patient, what is the advantage of the “Mitchell” marker?

A

It indicates recumbent or upright position

41
Q

On a film, you see a wide light vertical band on one side of the film and the patient’s spine is off center toward the left. You say that the patient was properly centered to the grid cabinet. What went wrong?

A

The film wasn’t pushed in all the way

42
Q

If you can’t afford digital imaging, what should you get?

A

High frequency

43
Q

Radon comes to us in which form?

A

Alpha particles

44
Q

Give or take a little, natural background radiation accounts for about how much of our average annual exposure to ionizing radiation?

A

80%

45
Q

What is the term for the beneficial effect of radiation?

A

Radiation hormesis

46
Q

What is NOT a property of x-ray?

A

They are stored in matter (NOT TRUE)

47
Q

How many rads are in a gray?

A

100

48
Q

Which unit of measurement is usually used for reporting occupational exposure to radiation?

A

Rem

49
Q

What year did BJ Palmer introduce x-ray into the chiropractic profession?

A

1910

50
Q

The focal spot size is usually set in conjunction with which of the following?

A

Low voltage circuit

51
Q

What would happen if you lengthen the time of an exposure?

A

You would increase the number of photons hitting the patient

52
Q

Which primary factor is responsible for the quality of an x-ray beam?

A

kVp

53
Q

The mA setting determines what?

A

Current going through the filament

54
Q

What would have the least fluctuation in the kV level?

A

High frequency

55
Q

What propels the electrons in an x-ray tube?

A

kV

56
Q

A tube warm-up procedure should be performed by using how many exposures?

A

2

57
Q

Which part of an x-ray tube is the target located in?

A

Anode (target, stem, roter)

58
Q

The first place that attenuation of any part of the x-ray beam occurs is at which point?

A

Anode

59
Q

The term “thermionic emission” is most closely related to what?

A

The cloud of electrons at the filament

60
Q

How many filaments does a dual focus tube have?

A

2

61
Q

What is the purpose of the collimator shutters?

A

Filter the periphery of the beam

62
Q

Which 3 radiographic projections routinely use compensating filtration?

A

AP thoracic, lateral thoracic, and full spine

63
Q

What is the best way to identify a patient’s film?

A

A flash on label before presenting

64
Q

When is a fetus most sensitive to radiation?

A

1st trimester

65
Q

What body parts are the most susceptible to develop a malignancy from ionizing radiation?

A

Bone marrow and breast

66
Q

When comparing films of the same patient, one set taken 3 months ago, you notice the film is too dark and the cervicals are larger than they were 3 months ago. What went wrong?

A

You took the film at 40” instead of 72” that you used 3 months ago

67
Q

What is the best type of x-ray equipment to buy?

A

Dual focus tube with a tungsten target surrounded by copper with the same anode angle of 14 degrees and tungsten filaments

68
Q

If you wanted to reduce penumbra, what should you consider doing?

A

Use a smaller effective focal spot

69
Q

What is the most effective way to reduce secondary radiation?

A

Collimation

70
Q

A decrease in the anode angle would have what effect?

A

Smaller effective focal spot

71
Q

What is the anode heel effect?

A

A reduced intensity of the x-ray beam on the anode side of the tube

72
Q

Inherent filtration adds how much aluminum equivalency?

A

.5mm

73
Q

The first radiographic print was of what body part?

A

Hand

74
Q

What sets the current going through a filament?

A

mA control

75
Q

What occurs to cause ionization?

A

Removal of an electron from an atom

76
Q

A step up transformer will have which effect?

A

Increase the volts

77
Q

On the average, what accounts for over 50% of the typical person’s radiation exposure?

A

Radon

78
Q

What device is used to detect and measure radiation?

A

Dosimeter

79
Q

What is the most helpful in producing a good quality AP full spine x-ray?

A

Have the anode toward the cervical

80
Q

What is the minimum anode angle that can be used if you were going to take a 14.36” full spine film?

A

14 degrees

81
Q

Which type of radiation always travels at the speed of light?

A

Electromagnetic (has no mass and travels in packs “photons/quanta”)

82
Q

X-ray is produced at which tube part?

A

Target

83
Q

How many electrodes does the usual x-ray tube contain?

A

2 (anode+ and cathode-)

84
Q

Of your body’s systems, which will require the most radiation in an acute blast to screw it up?

A

Nervous system

85
Q

Radon gas accounts for what percentage of the annual dose of natural background radiation?

A

55%

Radiographic Physics Exam 1 (2 decks)

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