Review Chart 1 Flashcards
In what country was the x-ray discovered?
Germany
Are x-rays stored in matter?
No
Do x-rays have an effect on photographic film?
Yes
Do some materials fluoresce when exposed to X-rays?
Yes
Does focusing the x-ray allow the patient to be exposed less?
No
What do the initials FFD, TFD, and SID refer to?
Distance between the source of the x-ray and the film
What is the most commonly used dosimeter?
Film badge
Imagine that you are a wee little photon that has sailed through space at a high rate of speed which has carried you into and out of a patient. What would be the next thing you encounter?
Grid
What is the number of electrons controlled by?
Low voltage circuit
Which effect would a smaller anode angle have compared to a larger angle?
It would create a clearer image
What type of wavelength is seen with x-ray?
Short wavelength (gamma) (high frequency)
Of the different types of radiation, which is associated with biological effects?
Ionizing
What contributes the most radiation to a human’s annual exposure?
Radon gas
What is helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine?
Having the anode toward the cervical
Positive beam limitation systems (PBL) would include what?
Semiautomatic collimation
In checking your collimator, what percentage is the limit for inaccuracy?
2%
What is used to tell us that the x-ray beam is centered to the part being radiographed?
The light and mirror
At a set FFD and film size, the less collimation used the _________ the film will be?
Darker
From what does the electron cloud form?
The filament
If you’ve overexposed a film, what should you have done to get a better film?
Used a filter for the part that is overexposed
Federal regulation requires how much filtration for an x-ray machine that operates at 70 kV-100kV?
2.5mm
What material is used for the construction of most compensating filters?
Aluminum
What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand?
Tube track
When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?
1st trimester
When taking an A-P full spine film of a young female patient, what body parts should you be most concerned with?
Breasts
What is the “ten day rule” concerned with?
Don’t x-ray patients during a ten day period from the onset of menses
If a 13 year old walks into your office because they were told by the school nurse they have scoliosis, why would you x-ray them P-A rather than A-P?
It will decrease breast and gonad exposure
If you take a lumbar series on a 7 year old, what does the law about radio sensitivity and metabolic rate prompt you to do?
Put a contact gonad shield on him
A dual focus tube has what characteristic that a single focus tube doesn’t?
2 filaments
Who is credited with the discovery of the x-ray?
WC Roentgen
What controls the speed of electrons?
High voltage circuit
If you had a film that was too dark, what would solve your problem?
Decrease the mAs
What is an advantage of using a small focal spot?
Clearer image
Before using a high setting with a tube that has been shut down overnight, it is advisable to do what?
Use a tube warm up procedure
The “useful beam” exits which part of the tube?
Window
What is the international unit designation for the rad?
Gray (100 rad = 1 gray)
The filament is surrounded by what structure?
Focusing cup
What part limits the size of the useful x-ray beam?
Collimator
What year was the x-ray discovered?
1895
What is recommended for full spine film?
Compensating filtration
Which part of the tube complex has the main function of removing soft rays?
Tube filters
Where is oil normally found in the tube complex?
Between the tube and tube housing
kV is the primary controlling factor for what?
Contrast
What would be the last thing you should do before pressing the exposure button?
Activate the rotor
What is the main purpose of oil in the tube complex?
Aid in cooling the tube
What type of anode should you use?
Rotating
What is the half value layer (HVL) used for?
Filtration recommendations
Before moving the tube stand on the track, what must be accomplished?
Lock must be released
About how much reduction of gonad exposure occurs with a PA lumbar film compared to an AP lumbar film?
95%
As you are setting up a patient for a full spine, you notice that there is a minus sign on the upper cable attachment on the tube and a plus sign on the lower. What do you think will be the probable outcome of your full spine film?
The cervicals will be too dark and lumbars will be too light
You take an x-ray of the thoracic spine and find that all shows up well on your film except fort he upper region which is way too dark. What probably happened?
Didn’t filter the upper part
What are examples of electromagnetic ionizing radiation?
X-ray and gamma radiation
Which type of dose is attributed to the harmful effects from low levels of radiation?
Genetic
Is there any logical way that your time spent Davenport would be exposed to alpha particles?
Yes, by breathing Quad City air
The large or small focal spot is usually set simultaneously with what?
Milliamperes
If you want to increase the number of photons reaching your film, what could you do?
Increase the mA
What governs the speed of electrons?
kV
Comparing 2 films with the kV and the mAs constant, one taken at 40”FFD and the other at 72”FFD, what would occur?
Increased density of the 40” film
Decreased image size on the 72” film
What is responsible for changing AC current to DC current?
Rectifier
How would one figure heat units if one was so inclined to do so?
MA x TIME x kVp
At the usual kV range that you will be x-raying spines with, what makes up the majority of the beam?
Bremsstrahlung radiation
How much of the energy created by an exposure in an x-ray tube is useful for the production of a radiograph?
1%
What is the main function of the anode?
Stop the electrons
What produces thermionic emission?
Low voltage circuit
What is responsible for the anode heel effect?
Bevel of the anode
If someone accused you of producing an under-penetrated film, how would you correct the problem?
Increase the kVp
The “boiling off” of electrons is known as which term?
Thermionic emission
What part of the tube complex allows one to control the size of the useful beam?
The collimator
What increases patient exposure to radiation?
Split screens
Where is added filtration located?
On the port of the tube housing
Which part of the tube complex will you have to unlock and move to set the tube distance for an upright lateral lumbar film?
The tube stand
What is NOT required to appear on a legal ID marker?
Age or birth date of the patient
What IS required to appear on a legal ID marker?
Patient’s name or number, date of exam, doctor or clinic name
Federal standards require 2.5mm of aluminum for which kVp range?
70-100
What is true about collimating from a 14x17” file to a 8x10” film?
You would increase the tube output
1 milisievert = how many mrems?
100
If you took a film at 40” then moved the tube to 72” and took the film again, what do you need to do to get the same film density?
Increase the mAs by 3 times
What would you expect to receive the highest amount of radiation from an x-ray exposure?
Skin
In what form do we encounter radon?
Gas
Higher energy photons are present with what?
Higher frequency
Radiation hormesis refers to which of the following?
The beneficial effects from exposure to low levels of radiation
If you were taking an AP open mouth film for an upper cervical technique, what should you do?
Use selective filtration over the eyes
What part of the tube complex contains lead?
Tube housing
If you wanted to make a film darker, what step would do it?
Decrease tube distance
What is the best way to identify a patient’s film?
A flash on label before processing
During an x-ray procedure, where would you most likely find a shadow shield?
On the front of the collimator
What determines the penetrating power of an X-ray beam?
kV
What is the first part of the tube complex that attenuates any part of the beam?
Anode heel
