Review--Chapter 24 Flashcards
What houses and protects the fetus during pregnancy?
uterus
The superior (upper) portion of the uterus is called the _____ and lies above the insertion of the _____.
fundusfallopian tubes
The middle portion of the uterus is called the _____.
body
The lower portion of the uterus is the _____.
cervix
The uterus lies between the _____ and the _____.
the bladder anteriorly and the sigmoid colon posteriously
What is capable of expansion to accommodate a growing fetus?
uterus
In the uterus much of the of the corpus consists of _____ called the _____ and composed of _____ layers.
involuntary muscle myometrium three
The inner layer of the uterine corpus prevents _____ into the tubes of peritoneal cavity, which could result in endometriosis.
reflux of menstrual flow
The inner layer of the uterine corpus also contributes to the competency of the _____ to prevent premature expulsion of the fetus.
internal os sphincter
Middle layer of the uterine corpus encloses _____.
large blood vessels
The muscle fibers of the middle layer of the uterine corpus act as living ligatures for _____ after delivery.
hemostasis
The outer layer of the uterine corpus has _____ action, ejecting _____, _____, or the _____.
expulsionmenstrual flow and clotsan aborted embryofetus at term
Which uterine ligaments suspend the uterus from the pelvic wall?
broad ligaments
The broad ligaments are composed of a broad _____ extending from each lateral surface of the uterus to the pelvic wall.
double sheet of peritoneum
Which uterine ligaments help suspend the uterus anteriorly and are located above the broad ligaments, near the fallopian tubes.
round ligaments
The round ligaments are _____ that extend from the anterior surface of the lateral borders of the fundus to the labia majora.
fibrous muscular bands
Which uterine ligaments provide the primary support for the uterus and are located below the broad ligaments.
cardinal ligaments
The _____ are attached to the lateral vaginal fornices and supravaginal portion of the cervix.
cardinal ligaments
The cardinal ligaments act as a _____.
supportive pivot
Which uterine ligaments attach the uterus to the sacrum and curve along the bottom of the uterus?
uterosacral ligaments
The uterosacral ligaments are peritoneal folds containing _____ and _____.
connective tissue and involuntary muscle
_____ secrete the female hormones.
ovaries
Development and release of the ova are influenced by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the gonadotropic hormones _____ and _____.
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Characterized by hormonal and physical changes that occur regularly from the onset of menarche (menstrual periods) until menopause (cessation of natural childbearing).
Ovarian (menstrual) cycle
The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is approximately _____ long.
28 days
The ovarian (menstrual) cycle has _____ distinct phases.
3
The _____ of the ovarian (menstrual) cycle lasts from day 1 to day 14.
follicle phase
The _____ of the ovarian (menstrual) cycle begins approximately 14 days from the start of the cycle and lasts from 16 to 32 hours.
ovulatory phase
During the ovulatory phase, the _____, and _____ is secreted by the follicle (the corpus lutem [CL]) and causes the release of the ovum.
estrogen level falls, and progesterone
The ovum is picked up by the _____ to enable fertilization
fimbriae of the fallopian tubes
The _____ of the ovarian (menstrual) cycle begins approximately on day 16 and lasts approximately 12 days.
luteal phase
After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes _____ and _____.
estrogen and progesterone (preparation for implantation of fertilized ovum)
What are Bartholin gland abscess?
infection of a Bartholin gland may occur if the gland is obstructed
What is the most common and easily treated cancer of the reproductive tract with early diagnosis?
Cervical cancer
What may be associated with HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 33?
Cervical cancer
Early detection of cervical cancer is done with a _____, _____, and _____.
Pap smear, cervicography, and culposcopy.
Associated with obesity and high levels of circulating estrogen.
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial tissue develops anywhere outside the uterus, most often on the abdominal viscera.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is most often on the _____.
abdominal viscera
During _____ tissue remains responsive to hormonal changes and causes pain, bleeding, and scarring
endometriosis
Fibroid tumor, benign neoplasm arising from the uterine smooth muscle tissue, attached to the uterine body and develops in any of the tissue layers.
Leiomyoma
Persistent or bleeding ovarian follicle that fails to regress after ovulation can become cystic.
Ovarian cyst
Condition caused by herniation of the rectum into the vaginal wall.
rectocele
Condition caused by herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall.
cystocele
An _____ occurs when a weakness of the uterosacral ligaments allow the intestine to bulge into the vaginal vault.
Enterocele
Weakness and stretching of the cardinal ligaments, the uterus bulges into the vagina.
Uterine prolapse
Implantation of the embryo outside the uterine cavity is an emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent rupture and hemorrhage.
Ectopic (extrauterine pregnancy)
New technique that provides greater clarity of ultrasonic images.
Sonohysterography
During a sonohysterography _____, _____, or _____ is injected into the uterine cavity through a small transcervical catheter before ultrasound testing.
normal saline, lactated Ringer solution, or 1.5% glycine
Imaging technique that safer, painless, and does not require exposure to radiation.
Sonohysterography
During a _____ a. Radiological contrast medium is injected into the uterus and fallopian tubes.
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Used to screen for cervical cancer.
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
During a Papanicolaou (Pap) test superficial _____ are collected from the _____ with a delicate plastic “brush,” the brush is then swirled in _____, which is used to prepare a series of miscroscope slides
endocervical (epithelial) cellsinternal cervical os prep solution
Microscopic examination and biopsy of the cervix.
Colposcopy
During a colposcopy, the _____ is painted with _____, which causes preinvasive cells to appear _____, these areas are biopsied with forceps.
cervixacetic acidwhite
Used to treat epithelial carcinoma of the cervix or severe dysplasia (abnormal cells).
cone biopsy of the cervix
A _____ involves the removal of a circumferential core of tissue around the cervical canal.
cone biopsy of the cervix
The _____ performed using a local anesthetic and an electrosurgical loop filament; the technique is referred to as a _____.
cone biopsy of the cervixloop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
LEEP can be done during _____ in the outpatient setting.
culposcopy
During a _____, a semirigid or rigid hysteroscope is used to examine the interior of the uterus and to perform selective operative procedures.
hysteroscopy
Most gynecological procedures are performed with the patient in the _____ or _____ position.
supine or lithotomy
A _____ is inserted after the vaginal prep for selected laparoscopic procedures.
uterine manipulator (internal cervical retractor)
Procedures of the _____ require atraumatic graspers and delicate dissecting instruments; a bipolar electrosurgical unit (ESU) is used rather than a monopolar type.
fallopian tubes
_____ are used to anastomose the fallopian tubes.
microinstruments
_____ are used to identify and trace anatomical structures during assessment.
Colored dyes
Used during a hysterosalpingogram to verify the patency of the fallopian tubes.
Methylene blue dye
Used during culposcopy to reveal areas of abnormal cervical tissue
Acetic acid (Monsel solution)
Used during culposcopy for staining the cervix during the Schiller test.
Lugol solution
Causes constriction of blood vessels when injected.
Vasopressin (Pistressin)
Used in emergency cardiac response.
Vasopressin (Pistressin)
May be injected into the uterus during hysterectomy or into a benign uterine tumor to prevent bleeding during removal.
Vasopressin (Pistressin)
Drugs that enhance _____ are given during labor and after cesarean section and abortion.
uterine contractility
Administered after delivery of the fetus and placenta to prevent postpartum hemorrhage.
Oxytocin (Pitocin)
An ergot alkaline that is administered after abortion to enhance uterine contractions and control uterine bleeding.
Methylergonovine (Methergine)
