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Micro Exam 4 > Review: Bacteria Sexually Transmitted Diseases > Flashcards

Review: Bacteria Sexually Transmitted Diseases Flashcards

1
Q 
Know the following characteristics about each bacterial disease studied for this unit:
 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
a.       Genus and species name (English equivalent if given)
b.      Gram reaction
c.       Cell shape
d.      Disease name
e.       Virulence factors
f.       Transmission
g.      Clinical symptoms of disease
h.      Vaccine available
i.        Treatment
A

a. Genus and species name (English equivalent if given): Neisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Gram reaction: Gram (-)
c. Cell shape: diplococcus
d. Disease name: Gonorrohea
e. Virulence factors: 1. Pili: direct role in establishing infection as well as interfering with phagocytosis
2. Endotoxin: damages mucosa
3. Protease: destroys IgA

f. Transmission: 1. Sexual (primary)
2. Newborn: eye infection

g.      Clinical symptoms of disease: 
Symptoms (males)
90% of males: symptomatic
Urethral exudate: thick, yellow/green pus filled discharge
Painful urination

Symptoms (female)
80% of females: asymptomatic
If symptoms exist: urethral exudate, painful urination, discharge from vagina
Complications common

h. Vaccine available: No vaccine available (working on an anti-pili vaccine)

i. Treatment: Dual treatment: Rocephin (IM) and Azithromycin (oral) or Doxycycline (oral) (adults)
Erythomycin and Avoid Doxycycline (pregnant female and children)

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2
Q 
Know the following characteristics about each bacterial disease studied for this unit:
Chlamydia trachomatis
a.       Genus and species name (English equivalent if given)
b.      Gram reaction
c.       Cell shape
d.      Disease name
e.       Virulence factors
f.       Transmission
g.      Clinical symptoms of disease
h.      Vaccine available
i.        Treatment
A

a. Genus and species name (English equivalent if given):Chlamydia trachomatis
b. Gram reaction: Gram (-)
c. Cell shape: Pleomorphic shape (can change shape)

d. Disease name: Chlamydia
e. Virulence factors: Lives intracellular
inside epithelial cells lining urethra/vagina
inside neutrophils/ macrophages
Much tissue damage due to intense inflammatory response

f. Transmission: Same as Gonorrhea
1. Sexual (primary)
2. Newborn: eye infection

g.      Clinical symptoms of disease: 
Symptoms (male): 50% - 80% males symptomatic
Urethral exudate: thin, milky discharge
Painful urination
May cause swelling

Symptoms (female): 70-80% asymptomatic
Urethral exudate or vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Bleeding of cervix or uterus

h. Vaccine available:No
i. Treatment:Azithromycin (oral) or Doxycycline (oral) (adults)
Erythromycin and Avoid Doxycycline (children/pregnant women)
Reinfection common

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3
Q 
Know the following characteristics about each bacterial disease studied for this unit:
Treponema pallidum
a.       Genus and species name (English equivalent if given)
b.      Gram reaction
c.       Cell shape
d.      Disease name
e.       Virulence factors
f.       Transmission
g.      Clinical symptoms of disease
h.      Vaccine available
i.        Treatment
A

a. Genus and species name (English equivalent if given): Treponema pallidum
b. Gram reaction: Gram (-)
c. Cell shape: spirochete

d. Disease name: Syphilis
e. Virulence factors: Persistence in tissue. Possible immune suppression.
f. Transmission: Sexual (primary/90%)
Extrasexual (10%)
Congenital (mother to fetus via placenta)

g. Clinical symptoms of disease: There are 3 stages
h. Vaccine available:No
i. Treatment:Penicillin drug of choice

Immunity questionable

Reinfection common
I

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4
Q 
Know the following characteristics about each bacterial disease studied for this unit:
Chlamydia trachomatis
a.       Genus and species name (English equivalent if given)
b.      Gram reaction
c.       Cell shape
d.      Disease name
e.       Virulence factors
f.       Transmission
g.      Clinical symptoms of disease
h.      Vaccine available
i.        Treatment
A

a. Genus and species name (English equivalent if given):Chlamydia trachomatis
b. Gram reaction: Gram (-)
c. Cell shape: Pleomorphic shape (can change shape)

d. Disease name: Chlamydia
e. Virulence factors: Lives intracellular
inside epithelial cells lining urethra/vagina
inside neutrophils/ macrophages
Much tissue damage due to intense inflammatory response

f. Transmission: Same as Gonorrhea
1. Sexual (primary)
2. Newborn: eye infection

g.      Clinical symptoms of disease: 
Symptoms (male): 50% - 80% males symptomatic
Urethral exudate: thin, milky discharge
Painful urination
May cause swelling

Symptoms (female): 70-80% asymptomatic
Urethral exudate or vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Bleeding of cervix or uterus

h. Vaccine available:????
i. Treatment:Azithromycin (oral) or Doxycycline (oral) (adults)
Erythromycin and Avoid Doxycycline (children/pregnant women)
Reinfection common

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5
Q 
Know the following characteristics about each bacterial disease studied for this unit:
Treponema pallidum
a.       Genus and species name (English equivalent if given)
b.      Gram reaction
c.       Cell shape
d.      Disease name
e.       Virulence factors
f.       Transmission
g.      Clinical symptoms of disease
h.      Vaccine available
i.        Treatment
A

a. Genus and species name (English equivalent if given): Treponema pallidum
b. Gram reaction: Gram (-)
c. Cell shape: spirochete

d. Disease name: Syphilis
e. Virulence factors: ????
f. Transmission: Sexual (primary/90%)
Extrasexual (10%)
Congenital (mother to fetus via placenta)

g. Clinical symptoms of disease: There are 3 stages
h. Vaccine available:?????
i. Treatment:Penicillin drug of choice

Immunity questionable

Reinfection common
I

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6
Q
  1. Who discovered Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
A

Isolated by Albert Neisser

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7
Q
  1. What role do pili structures play in a gonorrhea infection?
A

Pili: direct role in establishing infection as well as interfering with phagocytosis

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8
Q
  1. How is gonorrhea diagnosed?
A

Isolation and identification: using sterile cotton swab, the area suspected of being infected is swabbed and plated on Thayer-Martin Agar
No blood test available

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9
Q
  1. Describe the urethral exudates for gonorrhea if present in males or females?
A

Male : Urethral exudate: thick, yellow/green pus filled discharge

Female: urethral exudate, painful urination, discharge from vagina

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10
Q
  1. Are males more likely to be symptomatic or asymptomatic with a gonorrhea infection? What about Females?
A

90% of males: symptomatic

80% of females: asymptomatic

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11
Q
  1. What is gonococcal ophthalmia?
A

Eye infection (newborns)

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12
Q
  1. What is a serious complication of gonorrhea seen in newborns that pick-up the infection at birth passing through an infected birth canal with gonorrhea? What is the proper treatment?
A

Can cause blindness
Protective treatment (give in 1 hour after birth):
1% silver nitrate(old)
0.5% erythromycin ointment(new)
decrease incidence of eye infection 80 – 90% if exposure

Erythromycin and Avoid Doxycycline (children/pregnant women)

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13
Q
  1. What is the correct preventative treatment placed in newborn eyes after birth to prevent infection with gonorrhea or Chlamydia in case there has been an exposure?
A 
Protective treatment (give in 1 hour after birth):
     1% silver nitrate(old)
     0.5% erythromycin ointment(new)
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14
Q
  1. Complications of an undiagnosed or undetected gonorrhea/chlamydia infection are more common in males or females?
A

Female

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15
Q
  1. What are some possible complications of an untreated or improperly treated gonorrhea infection?
A
  1. Sterility: both male and female
    Male: scarring of epididymis/vas deferens blocks passage of sperm from testes to urethra
    Female: scarring of the fallopian tube blocks passage of egg from ovary to uterus
    If blockage is not complete sperm may be able to pass, fertilize egg and lead to an ectopic pregnancy because fertilized egg will implant on fallopian tube wall instead of uterus
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16
Q
  1. How can a tubal pregnancy be a result of a gonorrhea or chlamydia infection?
A

Female: scarring of the fallopian tube blocks passage of egg from ovary to uterus
If blockage is not complete sperm may be able to pass, fertilize egg and lead to an ectopic pregnancy because fertilized egg will implant on fallopian tube wall instead of uterus

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17
Q
  1. Can a fetus due to a tubal pregnancy be surgically reimplanted in the uterus? Or is this a lost pregnancy?
A

The pregnancy is lost. It can’t be reimplanted.

18
Q
  1. What is PID?
A

Occurs in women
Bacteria invade peritoneal (abdominal) cavity
Fever, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Life threatening

19
Q
  1. What is the cause of gonococcal arthritis in disseminated cases of Gonorrhea?
A

Only a very virulent strain of N. gonorrhoeae causes this

DGI is a systemic infection attacking the entire body

20
Q
  1. What is the cause of gonococcal arthritis in disseminated cases of Gonorrhea?
A

???????

21
Q
  1. What is the difference in appearance of the urethral exudate of Gonorrhea versus Chlamydia?
A

Gonorrhea has thick,green urethral/vaginal exudate, Where as Chlamydia has THIN, MILKY urethral/vaginal exudate.

22
Q
  1. What is chlamydial ophthalmia?
A

eye infection that can lead to blindness from scarring

Detected 5 – 12 days after birth
Prevention: 0.5% erythromycin ointment (silver nitrate has no effect)

23
Q
  1. What is an obligate intracellular parasite?
A

Obligate Intracellular Parasite
must be grown in animal tissue cultures
Very small; 0.25µm
Solely a human pathogen

24
Q
  1. In what human cells can Chlamydia invade and reproduce?
A

Lives intracellular

inside epithelial cells lining urethra/vagina

25
Q
  1. Is PID more common with Chlamydia or Gonorrhea infections in women?
A

Condition more common with chlamydia than gonorrhea

26
Q
  1. Can congenital syphilis be treated in utero? When is the proper time frame for this treatment to be administered in order to minimize risk of birth defects?
A

Yes by the 4th month of pregnancy.

Congenital Syphilis can happen anytime during pregnancy, but Fetus doesn’t get hurt until the fourth month of development.

Both Mom and Fetus need to be treated before the fourth month of pregnancy to prevent massive damage to the child

27
Q
  1. What is the chlamydiazyme assay?
A

Patient swab sample (screening for bacteria) + chlamydiazyme solution - color change (+)

28
Q
  1. Can congenital syphilis be treated in utero? When is the proper time frame for this treatment to be administered in order to minimize risk of birth defects?
A

???????

29
Q
  1. If a patient is properly treated in Stage I syphilis, would you expect the patient to develop Stage II syphilis?
A

No

30
Q
  1. Does scarring result from the primary chancre of syphilis?
A

No. Not by the primary chancre.

But scaring can happen in secondary lesions in stage II

31
Q
  1. What percentage of pregnancies are lost by miscarriage in congenital syphilis cases?
A

40% miscarriage or still birth

2/5 infected fetuses lost by miscarriage

32
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of primary chancre of syphilis?
A

Primary lesion present at initial entry site: Chancre occurs within 3 weeks
Painless hard circular lesion
Lasts 2 – 6 weeks
Heals spontaneously

33
Q
  1. Does scarring result from the secondary lesions of Stage II syphilis?
A

Yes

34
Q
  1. What is the percentage of patients that self-cure from Stage II syphilis yet receive no treatment?
A

25% spontaneously cure

35
Q
  1. What percentage of patients remain infected after Stage II but the bacteria stay dormant without receiving any treatment?
A

25% remain infected but bacteria in a dormant state

36
Q
  1. What percentage of patients that do not receive treatment after Stage II syphilis eventually develop Stage III syphilis?
A

50% will develop Stage III

37
Q
  1. What stage of syphilis produces gummas?
A

Stage III

Lesions: Gummas: swellings that eventually rupture/dead swollen tissue

38
Q
  1. What type of immunity is generated for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Syphilis infections?
A

Gonorrhea -No effective immune response

Chlamydia - No imumunity

Syphilis - Immunity questionable

39
Q
  1. What are two blood screening tests available for diagnosing Syphilis?
A 
VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Lab) Test
main screening test
 non-specific test
 used to screen blood samples
Cardiolipin + Patient Serum
  (normal tissue         (Abs)
    protein)
If there is clumping = +
TPI (Treponema pallidum immobilization) Test
Specific Test
Available in State Health Institutes
Takes 18 hours to complete
Treponema bacteria + Serum
Clumping = +
40
Q
  1. Which of the following is the most common bacteria sexually transmitted disease: gonorrhea, Chlamydia, or syphilis?
A

Chlamydia Lead the bacteria sexually transmitted infections

41
Q
  1. Is reinfection possible with gonorrhea, Chlamydia or syphilis?
A

Reinfection common

Micro Exam 4 (5 decks)

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