Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomedicine- NCCAOM > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

SPECT scan

A

extent of brain damage post stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PET scan

A

parkinson’s, epilepsy, mental illness, heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

laproscopy

A

abdomen & pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What two things effect metabolism of a pharmaceutical

A

age, immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Pregnancy Categories
A- 
B
C
D
E
A 
A- no risk
B- no risk in humans
C- indeterminate risk, benefits may outweigh risk
D- high risk, benefits may outweigh risk
E- contraindicated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
Controlled Substance Schedule
I
II
III 
IV V
A

I- high abuse, no medical necessity
II- high abuse and dependency (opoids, amphetamines)
III- low abuse may cause dependence (steroids, analgesics, barbiturates, antidiarreal)
IV- low abuse, limited dependence (benzos)
V- low abuse, limited dependence (antitussive, anti diarrheal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anthelmintic

A

kills parasites and their eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anticholinergic

A

blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antidepressants (tricyclic, MAOI, SSRI, SNRI)

A

end in -ine

  • fluoxetine (prozac)
  • sertaline (zoloft)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common Anticoagulants

A

aspirin, heparin, warfarin (coumadin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ma huang shouldn’t use used with MAOI because…

A

it intensifies the effect of medication and side effects (stomachache, headache, tremors, hypertension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ren shen shouldn’t be used with antihyperglycemics, asprin, corticosteroids, digoxin, estrogen, MAOIs, opoids, warfarin

A

Increases hypoglycemia, increases bleeding, increases adverse effects of anti inflammatories, increases digoxin levels, intensify adverse effects of estrogen, can cause headaches, tremors, and manic episodes (MAOIs), reduces the effects of opoids, and increases bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Green Tea (lu cha) should be avoided with which medication

A

warfarin- increases thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gan cao should be avoided with digoxin and diuretics because

A

with digoxin it decreases K+, and increases digoxin toxicity

- with diuretics it increases K+, wasting effects and interferes with effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

St Johns Wort should be avoided with digoxin, iron supplements, MAOIs, OCPs, protease inhibitors, SSRIs, Tricyclic antidepressants, and warfarin

A

Digoxin- increases toxicity
iron- reduces iron absorption
MAOIs- augments maois, can cause traumatic hypertension
OCPs- increases metabolism of drugs, reduces effectiveness
Protease inhibitors- reduces blood level and efficacy
SSRIs- augments effects of drugs
Tricyclics- augments effects
Warfarin- increases risk of thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Food-drug interactions- grapefruit

A

inhibits or slows metabolism of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Food-drug interactions- tyramine

A

can cause hypertensive crisis if taking MAOI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Food-drug interactions- black tea

A

inhibits iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Food-drug interactions- alcohol

A

impairs thiamin, niacin, pyridoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Drug-mineral interactions: opoids, anticholinergics

A

decreases GI motility, constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Drug-mineral interactions: diuretics (thiazides, corticosteroids)

A

depletes K+ (can lead to arrhythmia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drug-mineral interactions: cortisol, aldosterone

A

increases sodium and water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Drug-mineral interactions: birth control

A

impairs zinc and increases copper levels (can lead to dementia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Drug-mineral interactions: phenytoin, primidone

A

creates Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aminosalicyclic acid, slow release K+ iodide, colchicine, ethanol, OC

A

creates B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

High progestin dose

A

can cause depression by reducing tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Orlistat

A

prevents fat absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chloramphenicol, tetracycline

A

decreases protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

adrenal corticosteroids, ethanol

A

increases lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

aspirin, colchicine, glucagon

A

decreases lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

antibiotics, fiber, digoxin

A

decreases appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hypernatremia (elevated Sodium levels)
Causes:
Sx:

A

Usually due to dehydration; excess diuretics w/ salt intake; N/V with high salt intake

Sx: confusion, neuromuscular excitability, hyperflexia, seizures, cerebrovascular damage with subcortical or subarachnoid hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hyponatremia (decreased sodium levels)
Causes:
Sx:

A

extrarenal fluid loss; renal fluid loss; diuretics; pancreatitis; rhabdomylosis; opioids, NSAIDS, Addisons disease, hypothyroidism

Sx: lethargy, confusion, altered mental status, stupor, hyperexcitability, hyperreflexia

RED FLAG- refer to ER immediately- saline drip, fluid restriction, removal of diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hyperkalemia (K+) (for muscle and cell contraction)

Causes:
Sx:

EKG

A

rhabdomylosis, GI bleed, bleeding ulcers

SX: flaccid paralysis, cardiac tonicity with weakness or paralysis (mostly asymptomatic)
Caution: ACE inhibitors, potassium sparing diuretics, urinary obstruciton, renal failure, heart failure

EKG: short QT wave which will be tall, peaked T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hypokalemia (K+)
Causes:
Sx:

EKG

A

clay (betonite) ingestion, vomiting, heavy gan cao, chewing tabacco, CUSHINGS,

Sx: muscle weakness, cramping, paralytic ileus, hypoventilation, hypotension, rhabdomylosis

EKG: depression of T wave, elevated U wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hypercalcemia (calcium) (note: important for hormone release, blood coagulation, muscle and nerve contraction

Causes:
Sx:

A

Causes: pagets, osteoporosis, Vit A & D toxicity, Myxedema, Cushings, Addisons

Sx: constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypocalcemia (calcium)

Causes:
Sx:

A

Causes: hypoparathyroidism, Vit D xu, renal disease, acute pancreatitis, hypoproteinemia

Sx: carpopedal spasm, parasthesia of lips, fingers and feet, general muscle aching, facial spasms, dry scaly skin, brittle nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hyperphosphatemia (phosphorus)

Causes:
Sx:

A

Causes: hypoparathyroidism; rhabdomylosis

Sx: hypocalcemia, tetany, soft tissue calcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hypophosphatemia (phosphorus)

Causes:
Sx:

A

Acute alcoholism, undernutrition, hyperparathyroidism, cushings, hypothyroidism, diuretic use, chronic fasting

Sx: anorexia, muscle weakness, osteomalacia, hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hypermagnesemia (Magnesium)

Causes:
Sx:

A

usually uncommon and/or asymptomatic
- respiratory depression, excess antacid use, excess laxative use

Sx: hyporeflexia, hypotension, cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hypomagnesemia (magnesium)

Causes:
Sx:

A

alcoholism, steatorrhea, preeclampsia, lactation, thyroid hormone sue, ADH use, polyurea

Sx: anorexia, N/V, lethargy, weakness, personality change, tetany, carpopedal spasm

*caffeine can reduce Mg levels when using in excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what can cause right upper quadrant pain

A

cholecystitis and billiary colic; hepatitis, retrocecal appendicitis (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what can cause right lower quadrant pain

A

appendicitis, cecal diverticulitis, Meckel’s diverticulitis (Crohns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what can can cause left lower quadrant pain

A

sigmoid diverticulitis (ulcerative colitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What BMI is considered overweight

A

25-30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a normal pH for saliva and what is it’s function

A

6.5-7.5 - it moistens and lubricates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the pH for bile and what is it’s function

A

digestion of lipids; 7.5-8.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

A patient comes to you complaining of shoulder issues with limited ROM. They also have extreme thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, numbness and tingling in the feet and candida. What is your diagnosis?

A

type 1 diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the standard treatment for type 1 diabetes?

What lab tests are done?

A

Tx: insulin (humalog)
Lab: HbA1C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Patient has dry flushed skin, ketonic breath, nausea and vomiting, cramping, polyuria, blurred vision and foggy head. What is your diagnosis

A

Type 2 Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the tx for type 2 diabetes?

what is the lab test?

A

tx: insulin replacement- * Metformin
lab: HbA1C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

a patient is sweating, nauseous, warm, has anxiety, palpitations, hunger, and a headache? what is their likely diagnosis?

A

Hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the treatment for hypoglycemia

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What disease is common in hispanic and african americans and is due to H. Pylori weakening the stomach lining

A

Peptic Ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

NSAIDS and Ethanol can cause pain, nausea, fullness, and bleeding – what disease is this

A

gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

long term asprin use can lead to bleeding ulcers and need to be refered to a physician ASAP- what kind of ulcer is this

A

Gastric Ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

This disorder is caused by H Pylori (mostly) and causes consistent pain which usually awakens a patient at night

A

Duodenal ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what does melena stand for

A

black tarry stools due to long term stomach or duodenum bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Amoxil, Cipro, and Levaquin are what kind of common medication?

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what disease is a bacterial diarrhea due to undercooked poultry, milk, eggs or contact with reptiles

A

Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what disease is the 3rd most common bacterial diarrhea in the US transmitted person to person

A

Shigella

62
Q

What disease has bloody diarrhea from undercooked beef, unpasteurized milk, juices; can also have watery diarrea, found commonly in nurseries

A

E. Coli

63
Q

which bacterial disease is from undercooked seafood

A

Vibrio

64
Q

Which bacteria disease is food born and usually found in cheese

A

listeria

65
Q

What disease has sx of upper abdominal distention with postprandial fullness that is gnawing or burning; epigastric pain with nausea and vomiting.
What is the treatment?

A

Dyspepsia

Tx: H2 blockers; PPIs

66
Q

what is the route of transmission for Hep A

A

fecal-oral

67
Q

what is the route of transmission for Hep B

A

blood

68
Q

what is the route of transmission for Hep C

A

blood

69
Q

what is the route of transmission for Hep D

A

needle

70
Q

what is the route of transmission for Hep E

A

water (seen in africa)

71
Q

What is the most common type of hepatitis in the medical field?

A

Hep B

72
Q

What is the most common hepatitis in the world?

A

Hep A

73
Q

What is the deadliest type of hepatitis

A

Hep C

74
Q

What is your diagnosis for a patient with fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, dark urine, CLAY COLORED STOOLS, joint pain, jaundice

A

Hep B

75
Q

Crohn’s

  • area involved
  • sx location
  • S/S
  • Imaging
A

Area: SI (in 80%)
Location: usually right sided
S/S: 75-85% can have rectal bleeding; fistula; 25-35% have perianal lesions
Imaging: asymmetrical and segmental (skip areas) on X Ray/ Barium Swallow

76
Q

Ulcerative Colitis- area involved

  • area involved
  • sx location
  • S/S
  • Imaging
A

area: LI- descending section
Location: left sided
S/S: rectal bleeding; no fistulas, no perianal lesions
Imaging: symmetrical and uninterrupted bowel wall

77
Q

What physical assessment test would you use to rule in/out appendicitis

A

McBurney’s Point/Roving’s sign

78
Q

this disorder is usually due to stress however etiology unknown; gas bloating, cramping, bowel changes, constipation and diarrhea- seen most in females

A

IBS

79
Q

This virus is most common causes of diarrhea in children and day care workers in america

A

Rotavirus

80
Q

This disorder is very common in day care centers, international travelers, hikers and can be from consumption from unfiltered/treated water; spreads community wide. Its a parasite

A

Giardia

81
Q

this parasite is water borne and resistant to chlorine (pool water)

A

Cryptosporidium

82
Q

this type of worm/parasite is highly common in the US and causes loss of appetite, loss of weight, abdominal distention, anemia and intestinal bleeding

A

Hookworm

83
Q

This worm/parasite is common in schools and day cares and can cause an itchy perineum

A

pinworms

84
Q

this worm/parasite causes weight loss, abdominal distention, pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition

A

Tapeworm

85
Q

this worm/parasite causes stomach pain, extreme fatigue, N/V, diarrhea, fever, headache, chills, swelling of eyes, cough, muscle aches, may have constipation, heart palpitations, dyspnea. Can mimic tertiary syphillis

A

Trichinosis

86
Q

What are your water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, Folate, Vit C

87
Q

Vitamin B1 name

A

Thiamin

88
Q

Vitamin B2 name

A

Riboflavin

89
Q

Vitamin B3 name

A

niacin

90
Q

Vitamin B6 name

A

pyridoxine

91
Q

Vitamin B12 name

A

cobalamin

92
Q

What does B1 deficiency result in

A

beriberi, wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

93
Q

what does B2 deficiency result in

A

angular stomatitis (will have red tongue)

94
Q

what does B3 deficiency result in

A

Pellagra (dermatitis, glossitis, GI and CNS dysfunction), will have red edges of tongue
Toxicity: flushing

95
Q

what does Folate deficiency result in

A

megaloblastic anemia; neural tube defects

96
Q

what does B6 deficiency result in

A

seizures, anemia, neuropathies, seborrheic dermatitis- looks like eczema

97
Q

what does vit C deficiency result in

A

scurvy (bone defects, gingivitis, loose teeth, hemorrhages); will have a mapped tongue, and possible bone pain

98
Q

What are your fat Soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

99
Q

what does Vit A Deficiency result in

A

night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia; goose flesh skin, cataracts

100
Q

What does Vit D deficiency result in

A

rickets (weakness and softening of the bones, Heberden nodules), osteomalacia

toxicity: anorexia, renal failure

101
Q

What does Vit E deficiency results in

A

red blood cell hemolysis, neurologic deficits, dry scaly skin, follicular hyperkeratosis, alopecia

102
Q

What does Vitamin K deficiency result in

A

bleeding, osteopenia

103
Q

Diarrhea is usually caused by what deficiencies

A

protein, Vitamin B3, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, K+

104
Q

Alcoholism can lead to what deficiencies

A

magnesium, zinc, thiamin

105
Q

Which leukocyte deals with bacteria (and some viruses)

A

Neutrophils

106
Q

which leukocyte deals with allergic reactions (and worms)

A

Eosinophils

107
Q

which leukocyte deals with histamine and heparin reactions

A

basophils

108
Q

which agranulocyte (mononucleus WBC) becomes macrophages to ingest bacteria and also secrete lysine

A

monocytes

109
Q

which agranulocyte (mononucleus WBC) is produced in the bone marrow and moves to lymph tissues- has two types: B & T Cells

A

lymphocytes

110
Q

which agranulocyte (mononucleus WBC) produce immunoglobulins due to bacteria and toxins

A

B-Cells

111
Q

which agranulocyte (mononucleus WBC) attach to antigen bearing cells like bacteria and kill toxins

A

T- Cells

112
Q

this type of anemia has s/s like chronic bleeding, hx of aspirin/painkiller use, heavy menstruation, poor diet, trauma/surgery, IBD, peptic ulcer

Which lab tests would you order?

A

Iron deficiency anemia(microcytic)

Labs: H&H, TIBC, Iron (ferritin)

113
Q

this type of anemia is d/t B12 deficiency, may have a beefy red, smooth red tongue w/o taste

A

pernicious anemia (macrocytic)

114
Q

this type of anemia is the excessive destruction of RBCs due to: SLE (lupus)

What lab tests would you order?

A

Hemolytic

ANA, H&H, ABO-Rh

115
Q

this type of anemia is when the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient new cells

What labs would you order?

A

Aplastic

CBC, Bone Biopsy

116
Q

How long can RBCs live for:

A

100-120 days

117
Q

What is the function of RBCs:

A

transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide

118
Q

How long do WBCs live for

A

13 days

119
Q

this type of anemia is primarily found in african americans and hispanics. S/S include: chest pain, numbness in hands and legs, syncope, fatigue, swollen hands or feet, jaundice, frequent infections, sore on the skin, delayed growth, stroke, seizure, breathing difficulty, spleen, liver, and lung damage

A

Sickle Cell

its a form of hemolytic anemia

120
Q

this type of anemia effects mostly mediterranean (and asian) heredity, is evident in infancy, will have freckled or bronzed skin with iron deposits, and slow growth

A

Thalassemia (a type of microcytic anemia- low MCV hypochromic)

121
Q

this WBC disease has S/S such as: fatigue, dyspnea with exertion, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, swollen lymph nodes, epistaxis, bleeding hums, chronic fever, unexplained weight loss, and bone pain.

A

leukemia

122
Q

What is the universal blood recipient

A

AB

123
Q

what is the universal blood donor

A

0

124
Q

RBCs can be elevated due to

A

Polycythemia, renal disease

125
Q

RBCs can be low due to

A

anemia, hodgkins lymphoma, sickle cell

126
Q

HCT/HGB can be high due to

A

dehydration, shock, COPD, polycythemia

127
Q

HCT/HGB can be high due to

A

dehydration, shock, COPD, polycythemia

128
Q

HCT/HGB can be low due to

A

anemia, hyperthyroidism, trauma

129
Q

WBC can be high due to

A

acute infection, leukemia

130
Q

WBC can be low due to

A

bone marrow problems, immunodeficiency, AIDS, chemo

131
Q

Iron levels could be low due to

A

acute hepatitis, nephrosis

132
Q

iron levels could be low due to

A

anemia, RA, hypothyroidism, pregnancy (3rd tri)

133
Q

BUN is high due to

A

renal pathology, GI bleeding, heart failure, high protein diet,

134
Q

BUN is low due to

A

pregnancy, liver pathology

135
Q

creatinine is high due to

A

renal pathology, hyperthyroidism

136
Q

creatinine is low due to

A

muscle atrophy

137
Q

uric acid is high due to

A

gout, arthritis, renal stones

138
Q

uric acid is low due to

A

hypothyroid, ethanol

139
Q

LDLs should be under what number

A

<100

140
Q

High T4 is elevated in and low in…

A

high in hyperthyroid and low in hypo

141
Q

MCH is elevated/low in …

A

high in macrocytic anemia, low in microcytic anemia

142
Q

Mean copruscular hemoglobin concentration is low in

A

iron deficiency anemia

143
Q

ALT is very specific for testing/diagnosing what disease

A

Liver disease

144
Q

what are some S/S for ordering an ALT test

A

hepatitis viral exposure, alcoholics, history of liver disease, obesity, PALE STOOL
Note: chronic hep may have low values; will have a greater than 1 in alcoholic hep and viral hep in acute stages

145
Q

AST is a less specific test for hepatic disease but will be elevated in..

A

acute injury or acute skeletal or cardiac injury (MI)

146
Q

AST S/S for ordering would include

A

long term medication use, obesity, diabetes. Pregnant women who have had muscle strain or medication injections may also have elevated AST

147
Q

ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is high in

A

Bone disorders, liver disease

148
Q

S/S for ordering ALP lab

A

osteomalacia, hepatitis, Pagets disease, rickets, sarcoidosis, blood type O or B= fatty foods

149
Q

When AST/ALT are high and ALP are high it indicates

A

LV disease

150
Q

When ALT/AST are low and ALP is high it indicates

A

bone disease or bone cancer

Note: if GGT is high with elevated ALP then bone disease is usually not the problem

151
Q

GGT is indicative of

A

congestive heart failure, pancreatitis, liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis

Alcohol and smoking are most noted at causing elevated GGT for up to 24hrs

Biomedicine- NCCAOM (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions