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REVIEW Flashcards

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U.S. Government Basics flashcards AP® U.S. Government flashcards
1
Q

shay’s rebellion

A

Shays’ Rebellion is the name given to a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt.
SHOWED NEED FOR NATIONAL GOVT

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2
Q

great compromise

A

combined the virginia and new jersey plans
two house (bicameral) legislature
equal representation in congress
population representation in house of representatives

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3
Q

elastic clause

A

article 1, section 8
“implied powers” based on elastic clause
ex: when Hamilton proposed a national bank
not specifically stated but could be argued to be implied

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4
Q

full faith & credit clause

A

article 4, section 1

legal proceedings in one state will be recognized in other states

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5
Q

privileges & immunities clause

A

article 4, section 2

you can’t deny citizens of other states rights in your state

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6
Q

compact clause

A

article 1, section 10

states can cooperate

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7
Q

supremacy clause

A

article 4, section 2

federal govt is superior

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8
Q

federalist 10

A

faction is a disease you can’t cure

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9
Q

unitary system

A

sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them.

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10
Q

confederal system

A

A confederacy is a loose relationship among a number of smaller political units. The vast majority of political power rests with the local governments; the central federal government has very little power.

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11
Q

federal system

A

power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units

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12
Q

mcculloch v maryland

A

1819- McCulloch v. Maryland (taxation of national bank)
national bank was an implied power of the federal government
Marshall rules that the state of Maryland couldn’t tax the natl bank
“the power to tax is the power to destroy”
enforces the supremacy clause
the national govt is supreme
implied powers are a thing (in layman’s terms)
federal power doesn’t get used that much except by Henry Clay for a while

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13
Q

gibbons v ogden

A

1824- Gibbons v. Ogden (steamboat operators)
one guy got a monopoly from the state of New York
one state can’t regulate interstate commerce
the federal government can regulate interstate commerce -> healthcare, etc

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14
Q

barron v baltimore

A

limited authority of bill of rights
first amendment only applied to the natl govt, not state power
states can technically restrict freedom of speech

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15
Q

dual federalism

A

1789-1932
federalism described as “dual federalism”
strict separation between the two powers

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16
Q

cooperative federalism

A

1932-present
“cooperative federalism”
greater shared power

1960s cooperative federalism LBJ
Education 
health care
housing
employment
 environment
safety reg
civil rights
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17
Q

new federalism

A

1970s

nixon + the new federalism

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18
Q

1936 election polling error

A

1936 election FDR vs Alf Landon
companies used phone numbers and car registration
was class-biased - wealthier respondents

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19
Q

push polling

A

push polling
not really polling, just negative campaigning
trying to slander other candidates
not to measure opinion, was to shape opinion

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20
Q

illusion of saliency

A

means it’s maybe not as important to people as polls make it seem
polls can’t really measure how strongly people feel about an issue

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21
Q

bandwagon effect

A

the more polls are reported, they aren’t really measuring opinion, but are shaping opinion

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22
Q

political socialization

A 
the ways your ideology has been shaped
	induction of individuals into the political culture; process of forming political 	beliefs
Agents of Socialization
	things that shape peoples’ political beliefs
	# 1 factor = family (parents)
	friends
	religion
	region
	education- level, field of study
	occupation- military too
	race
	gender- “gender gap”, marital status
	media
	age
	sexual orientation
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23
Q

muckrakers and yellow journalism

A

write about problems, political corruption, pictures of the slums
show the power of journalism for social change
early 1900s
news can shape what happens

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24
Q

separation of powers

A

idea branches of govt power is divided even in congress and natl vs state

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25
Q

enumerated powers

A

listed powers

expressed powers

26
Q

implied powers

A

evolved powers

evolve over time

27
Q

reserved powers

A

powers that are talked about in the 19th amendment

not given to the national govt

28
Q

police power

A

states have for public safety coercion

29
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers that both national and state govts have

both can create courts, tax citizens

30
Q

united states v lopez

A

mid 90s
overturned federal gun law turned power back to states
courts can overturn national laws and give power back to states= devolution

31
Q

new york times co v us 1971

A

prior restraint
1971 new york times v. the united states
pentagon papers- leak of classified information
the government cannot suppress the press before it is published

32
Q

fcc

A

independent regulatory commissions
FCC (federal communications commission) tv and radio broadcasts
have broad power and discretion to regulate parts of our society
once someone is appointed, they can’t be removed by the president. their terms will expire but not for political reasons

33
Q

initiative, referendum, recall

A

initiatives
voters to propose legislation
i.e. legal marijuana/ tax increases
can start in “grassroots” where voters organize/ get signatures
lately we’ve been worried about an astroturf movement (fake grassroots really run by someone with money/ an agenda)
referendums
voters to reject or accept laws passed by their legislature
basically a voter veto
recall
allows a voting public to remove an elected official

34
Q

15th amendment

A

granting African-American men the right to vote

35
Q

19th amendment

A

guarantees all American women the right to vote

36
Q

24th amendment

A

prohibiting any poll tax

37
Q

26th amendment

A

you can vote when you’re 18

38
Q

1965 voting rights act

A

1965 voting rights act: eliminated literacy tests/ restrictions
also gave federal government authority to intervene in trouble states

39
Q

fec act

A

1974 Federal Elections Campaign Act
FEC + limits were placed after scandals w nixon
individuals $1000 per candidate per cycle
now it’s $2500

40
Q

bipartisan campaign reform act

A

2002 Bipartisan campaign reform act
banned soft money
also banned ads 60 days before the general election
called the mccain-feingold act

41
Q

citizens united v fec

A

2010 supreme court case Citizens United v. FEC
challenged govt authority to limit political spending
parts of the McCain-Feingold act were struck down
corporations and unions can donate money in unlimited amounts
creates Super PAC

42
Q

buckley v valeo

A

1976 Buckley v. Valeo
individuals can spend their own money without limit
money in elections = speech
if the govt restricts money, are they restricting speech?
party money
parties can accept unlimited amounts
“soft money”

43
Q

inoculation ad

A

inoculation ad

anticipates an attack, addresses situation from their side

44
Q

iron triangle

A

iron triangle
interest group, congressional committee, and executive department relationship
like defense (new artillery or something)
bureaucracy, congressmen, and lobbyists

BUREAUCRACY, CONGRESSMEN, AND LOBBYISTS

45
Q

congressional budget act

A

1974 created standing budget committees in both the House and the Senate

46
Q

pork barrel/ earmarks

A

pork barrel legislation/ “earmarks”
a bill, add things to it, they are earmarks
like if a bill had a road in Utah, and a bridge in Missouri, and an airport construction project in New Mexico
you make deals with your fellow members to get things added

47
Q

war powers act

A

1973 congress passed the “war powers” act
right after the vietnam war
passed over the veto of nixon
congress must be notified of any military engagements
forces must be withdrawn if longer than 60 days

48
Q

logrolling

A

log rolling- i vote for your bill if you vote for mine strategy
vote trading

49
Q

expressed powers

A

article 2 - powers and duties of the president
(express powers because these are in the constitution)
oath of affirmation
preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the united states
commander in chief of all armed forces (army, navy, etc)
can grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the US
can make treaties if 2/3 of senators PRESENT agree
can appoint ambassadors, other officers
can grant temporary commissions to fill vacancies in the senate
state of the union address
recommend measures to take

50
Q

delegated powers

A

delegated powers: powers given to the president by law

can be taken away

51
Q

executive office of the president

A

executive office of the president
white house, office of management and budget, the president’s council of economic advisers, national security council, office of national drug control policy, us trade representative, council on environmental quality, science and technology policy, policy development, administration, vp

52
Q

white house staff

A 
white house staff
	chief of staff (and deputy)
	communications director
	press secretary
	NOT cabinet
		they have to be nominated and confirmed by the senate
		(white house staff doesn’t have to be confirmed at all)
PECKING ORDER: PREZ, STAFF, EXEC OFFICE
53
Q

omb

A

OMB- office of management and budget
president’s rival to the congressional budget office
prepares the budget
congress can disagree - negotiations take place

54
Q

bureaucracy

A

bureaucracies are taking the law and implementing it

the clearer the law, the easier the implementation

55
Q

pendleton act

A

people can’t just get offices, they have to earn it and do stuff

56
Q

independent agencies

A

NASA is its own thing, not like part of the air force
EPA (environmental protection agency)
CIA - close to dept of defense but not actually connected
SSA (social security agency)

57
Q

independent regulatory commissions

A

ICC (interstate commerce commission) goal was to regulate interstate commerce
1877 railroads
SEC (securities exchange commission) stock market monitors
FTC (federal trade commission)
FCC (federal communications commission) tv and radio broadcasts
have broad power and discretion to regulate parts of our society
once someone is appointed, they can’t be removed by the president. their terms will expire but not for political reasons
FEC (federal elections commission) is the worst one ever

58
Q

govt corporations

A

agency that serves a similar function that exists in the private sector
the govt provides that service because it can be expensive
runs like a corporation
like the post office

59
Q

administrative adjudication

A

rule making
they have to administer policy through administrative adjudication
every rule of the bureaucracy goes though a process and is published in the federal register
about 90,000 pages long

they have to give notice
then they have to get input from stakeholders
they propose rules
then they receive more feedback on proposed rules
if they agree upon it it’s enacted
it takes about a year to 3 years

60
Q

marbury v madison

A

1803

exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution

61
Q

stare decisis

A

stare decisis
let the decision stand
latin phrase, judges are very conservative by and large
they don’t like to be fast and loose with law
there’s not a lot of old laws that get overturned
let the previous decision stand
judges base a lot of their decisions on precedent

62
Q

policy process

A

recognition, agenda, formulation, adoption, budgeting, implementation, evaluation
RAFABIE

AP Gov (4 decks)

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