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MCBM Exam 2 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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2
Q

What is the abbreviation for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

PDH

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3
Q

What are the 5 cofactors required by pyruvate dehydrogenase? (Names, not vitamin numbers)

A 
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenate
Lipoase
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4
Q

What are the 4 vitamins that provide the cofactors for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

A

Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5

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5
Q

Why can’t glucose be made from fat or acetyl CoA?

A

The reaction involving pyruvate dehydrogenase has a very negative delta G, making it irreversible

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6
Q

What is the yield from glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

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7
Q

1 pyruvate yields what?

A

1 acetyl CoA

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8
Q

In the TCA cycle, 1 acetyl CoA yields what?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

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9
Q

What is the yield of 1 NADH in the ETC?

A

About 3 ATP

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10
Q

What is the yield of 1 FADH2 in the ETC?

A

About 2 ATP

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11
Q

What is the yield of the products of one round in the TCA cycle, then passing through the ETC?

A

3 NADH X 3 = 9

1 FADH2 x 2 = 4

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12
Q

For the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, TPP is added as ___.

A

Thiamine

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13
Q

For the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, FAD is added as ___.

A

Riboflavin

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14
Q

For the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, NAD+ is added as ___.

A

Niacin

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15
Q

For the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, CoA is added as ___.

A

Pantothenate

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16
Q

Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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17
Q

Where are the 5 places that energy comes off of the TCA cycle?

A
  1. NADH - from isocitrate, via isocitrate dehydrogenase
  2. NADH - from alpha-ketoglutarate, via a-keto dehydrogenase
  3. NADH - from malate, via malate dehydrogenase
  4. GTP - from succinyl-CoA, via succinyl-CoA dehydrogenase
  5. FADH2 - from succinate, via succinate dehydrogenase
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18
Q

Where does CO2 come off the TCA cycle?

A
  1. Isocitrate, via isocitrate dehydrogenase complex

2. Alpha-ketoglutarate, via a-ketog dehydrogenase complex

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19
Q

The alpha-ketoglutarate complex is remarkably similar to which other complex?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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20
Q

The reactions of the second half of the TCA cycle are similar to what?

A

Lipid synthesis reactions

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21
Q

What is amphibolic?

A

Having both anabolic and catabolic natures (specifically the TCA cycle)

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22
Q

What is an anapleurotic reaction?

A

One that replenishes pathway intermediates

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23
Q

Where is the most important anapleurotic reaction found? What does it do?

A

In the liver

Pyruvate carboxylase is used to produce OAA

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24
Q

What allosteriacally activates pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Acetyl CoA

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25
Q

What is the feedback inhibitor for pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

Acetyl CoA

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26
Q

There is a build of of acetyl CoA, what will be slowing down as a result of feedback?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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27
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase in the liver produces what for the TCA cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

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28
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase requires which cofactor?

A

Biotin

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29
Q

What does a mutation in fumarase cause?

A

Leiomas in the kidney and smooth muscle

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30
Q

What does a mutation in succinate dehydrogenase cause?

A

Pheochromocytomas in the adrenal glands

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31
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm of the mitochrondria

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32
Q

Where does the TCA cycle occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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33
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase found?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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34
Q

How many proteins does the mitochondrial genome code for?

A

13

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35
Q

Which complex of the ETC has the most subunits?

A

Complex 1

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36
Q

Which complex of the ETC doesn’t pump protons?

A

Complex 2

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37
Q

Which complex of the ETC only pumps 2 protons?

A

Complex 4

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38
Q

Which part of the ETC can cause apoptosis?

A

Cytrochome C

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39
Q

What are the two diseases caused by mitochondrial genome mutations?

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

Myoclonic epilipsy and ragged-red fiber

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40
Q

Why is the hydroxyl radical the most dangerous?

A

Reacts will all biomolecules via either hydrogen abstraction or addition

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41
Q

What damage do hydroxyl radicals cause if they react with biomolecules?

A

Lipid peroxidation, causing cellular swelling and Ca++ influx
DNA strand breakage
Protein oxidation and degradation

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42
Q

How does the polyol pathway contribute to reactive oxidative species?

A

It depletes NADPH that is needed to neutralize it

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43
Q

An excess in glucose can cause what, due to the polyol pathway?

A

Increased sorbitol production, leading to increased fructose production

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44
Q

What are the two chain breaking anti-oxidant vitamins?

A

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

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45
Q

What dos vitamin A do as an anti-oxidant vitamin?

A

It is a singlet oxygen scavenger

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46
Q

What is the starting material for retinal?

A

Beta-carotene

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47
Q

What binds to opsin?

A

11-cis-retinal

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48
Q

How is 11-cis-retinal converted to trans?

A

By visible light

49
Q

What vitamin is retinal?

A

A1

50
Q

When retinal and opsin bind, what is formed?

A

Rhodopsin

51
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?

A 
Nausea
Liver damage
Birth defects
Weight loss
Joint pain
52
Q

Cholecalciferol is which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D3

53
Q

What is the activated steroid hormone that regulates the genes required for bone metabolism?

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3)

54
Q

What is the vitamin D hydroxylase in the liver?

A

25-hydroxylase

55
Q

What is the vitamin D hydroxylase in the kidney?

A

1-hydroxylase

56
Q

What diseases are caused by vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

57
Q

What issues can be present with vitamin D deficiency>

A

Enlarged growth plates

Defective remineralization of bone

58
Q

What is vitamin K involved in?

A

Blood clotting

59
Q

Vitamin K is the cofactor for which carboxylase?

A

Vitamin K dependent carboxylase

60
Q

To be functional, what must occur to vitamin K?

A

Has to be converted to an epoxide and back again

61
Q

What drug disrupts the conversions of vitamin K?

A

Warfarin

62
Q

What does folate facilitate?

A

Methyl group transfers during nucleotide synthesis (especially in a fetus)

63
Q

What disease does a lack of folate cause?

A

Spina bifida

64
Q

Folate is important in nucleotide metabolism, so which cells are most affected?

A

Rapidly dividing cells

Ex. gut, bone marrow, fetus

65
Q

What does folate deficiency contribute to in adults?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

66
Q

What is vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

67
Q

What makes vitamin B12?

A

Anaerobic bacteria in the gut

68
Q

Where do the bacteria for vitamin B12 come from?

A

Meat and dairy products

69
Q

What is required by vitamin B12?

A

An intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells

70
Q

Where is vitamin B12 stored after being released into the blood stream?

A

In the liver

71
Q

What is the cause of pernicious anemia?

A

Loss of gastric cells that produce the intrinsic factor that helps B12 absorption

72
Q

What are the signs of pernicious anemia?

A

Pale conjunctiva

Glossitis (smooth, red tongue)

73
Q

What happens to red blood cells with pernicious anemia?

A

They are larger than they should be

Clumpy

74
Q

Vitamin B12 is the source of ___ for H+ exchanges?

A

Free radicals

75
Q

How many reactions require B12? In what are they involved?

A

12

Amino acid synthesis

76
Q

What disease is caused by copper overload?

A

Wilson’s disease

77
Q

In Wilson’s disease, copper accumulates in what tissues?

A

Liver
Eyes
Brain

78
Q

What diseases does iodine deficiency cause?

A

Goiter

Cretinism

79
Q

What does iodine do?

A

Takes part in thyroxine and triiodothyroxine synthesis

80
Q

What is the backbone for sphingolipids?

A

Serine

81
Q

Deficits in sphingolipids cause problems in what tissues?

A

Nervous tissues

82
Q

What is attached to serine to form sphingolipids?

A

Palmitate

83
Q

What are the functions of free fatty acids?

A

Metabolic fuel
Precursors for other lipids
Membrane anchor

84
Q

What are the functions of sphingolipids?

A

Membrane structure
Signal transduction
Surface antigens

85
Q

What are the functions of eicosinoids?

A

Signal transduction

86
Q

Eicosinoids are little hormones involved in what?

A

Inflammation

87
Q

What is the biggest product of cholesterol?

A

Bile salts

88
Q

What are sterols?

A

Anything derived from cholesterol

89
Q

What are the functions of sterols?

A

Membrane structure
Hormones
Detergents
Vitamins

90
Q

What are the functions of prenols?

A

Metabolic intermediate
Regulation
Cofactors
Vitamins

91
Q

Where can prenols be founs?

A

Vitamin A

may be found in other lipid soluble vitamins

92
Q

What are two example of saturated fats?

A

Myristic acid

Palmitic acid

93
Q

What do saturated fats do to the body?

A

Elevate cholesterol levels

94
Q

What is an example of a monosaturated fat?

A

Oleic acid

95
Q

What do monosaturated fats do in the body?

A

Lower LDL cholesterol levels

96
Q

What is an example of a monsaturated fat?

A

Oleic acid

97
Q

What are the two types of essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

98
Q

What is an example of a polyunsaturated fat?

A

Linoleic acid

99
Q

Linoleic acid is a precursor to what?

A

Arachidonic acid

100
Q

What type of fat isn’t as bad for you?

A

Monosaturated

101
Q

What is the most important omega 3 fatty acid?

A

Linolenic acid

102
Q

What does linolenic acid do for the body?

A

Reduced BP and heart rate
Anti-arrhythmic
Anti-thrombotic
Anti-inflammatory

103
Q

What are the 2 classifications of membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

104
Q

Most membrane lipids have what type of backbone?

A

Glycerol

105
Q

If there is a sugar attached to a sphingosine backbone with a fatty acid, what type of sphingolipid is it?

A

Glycolipid - ex. blood antigens

106
Q

Prenols include what two vitamins?

A

A

K

107
Q

What type of molecules are prenols?

A

Signaling molecules

108
Q

Where are cardiolipins found?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

109
Q

Where are cardiolipins most abundant?

A

Cardiac muscle

110
Q

Abnormal cardio lipins have been associated with what 2 diseases?

A

Alzheimers

Parkinsons

111
Q

What is barth’s syndrome?

A

X-linked disorder caused by a defect in cardio lipin processing protein

112
Q

About 50% of phospholipids in cardiac muscle are what?

A

Plasmalogens

113
Q

What is released from basophils and stimulates platelet aggregation and seratonin release?

A

Platelet activating factor (PAF)

114
Q

Arachidonic acid is a precursor to what 2 things?

A

Prostaglandins

Lumboxanes

115
Q

What acts as a reservoir for aracidonic acid?

A

Phospholipases

116
Q

What is a type of phospholipid that doesn’t come from fat?

A

Sphingolipids

117
Q

Where are sphingolipids primarily found?

A

Nerve tissue/myelin sheath

118
Q

Sphingolipids are about ___% of human lipids?

A

25%

MCBM Exam 2 (3 decks)

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