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MCBM Exam 2 > Histology - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Histology - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What does a periodic acid-Schiff stain detect?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What color with a periodic acid-schiff stain turn?

A

Magenta

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3
Q

What does enzyme histochemistry do?

A

Changes color when cleaved by a particular enzyme

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4
Q

How does immunochistochemical staining work?

A

By using dyes bound to antibodies, to detect the presence of specific antigens on and within cells

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelium
Connective tisuue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

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6
Q

Where is epithelium found?

A

Covering body surfaces
Lining body cavities
Glands

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7
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Bone
Cartilage
Blood

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8
Q

Of what is bone matrix composed?

A

Collagen and calcium secreted by osteioblasts

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9
Q

Cartilage matrix is composed of what two things?

A

Collagen

Hyaluronic acid

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10
Q

What is the “matrix” of blood?

A

Plasma

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11
Q

What are the three muscle types?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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12
Q

A typical membrane within a cell is __% lipid by weight.

A

50%

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13
Q

What part of the phospholipid faces outward in from the bilayer?

A

The polar, hydrophilic head

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14
Q

What functions do membrane proteins serve?

A

Transporters
Receptors
Structural anchors

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15
Q

What are integral membrane proteins?

A

Proteins that span the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer

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16
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that bind to the hydrophilic head of the membrane lipids

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17
Q

What are glycolipids and glycoproteins?

A

Membrane components that have been modified by the addition of sugars

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18
Q

What forms the glycocalyx of the cell?

A

Carbohydrates that extend from the extracellular surface of the membrane

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19
Q

What purpose does cholesterol serve in the cell?

A

Creates areas of decreased fluidity where proteins may be anchored

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20
Q

Areas with less cholesterol are ___fluid than areas with more cholesterol.

A

More

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21
Q

Which organelles are membrane bound?

A 
Nucleus
ER (rough and smooth)
Golgi apparatus
Endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes and vesicles
Mitochondria
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22
Q

The nucleus is the site of what?

A

DNA storage

Gene transcription

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23
Q

Which layer of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane from which organelle?

A

Outer layer is continuous with the membrane of the rough ER

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24
Q

What lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope?

A

Lamins

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25
Q

What do lamins do?

A

Provide structural support

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26
Q

What causes the lamins to breakdown?

A

Phosphorylation

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27
Q

What molecules can freely pass through the nuclear envelope?

A

Small molecules like water and ions can diffuse

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28
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA bound by histones and other proteins

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29
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Inactive DNA that is tightly condensed

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30
Q

What stain is used for heterochromatin?

A

Hematoxylin

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31
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA and its associated proteins being actively transcribed

32
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA transcribed, processes and assembled?

A

In the nucleolus

33
Q

What stains the nucleolus?

A

Hemotoxylin

34
Q

What is the most common stain?

A

Hemotoxylin-eosin stain

35
Q

What color does hemotoxylin stain?

A

Deep purple

36
Q

What does hemotoxylin stain?

A

heterochromatin and nucleoli, ribosomal RNA. (Basophilic structures)

37
Q

Is hemotoxylin acidic or basic?

A

Basic

38
Q

What is eosin?

A

An acid stain that stains pink

39
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Cytoplasm

40
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do for the cell?

A

Determines shape
Provides support
Creates movement of the cell
Facilitates transport of organelles throughout the cell

41
Q

What are the three cytoskeletal filaments?

A

Actin
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

42
Q

Which cells have actin?

A

All cells

43
Q

What is the roll of actin in the cell?

A

It is part of the cytoskeleton, and maintains cell shape, cell movement and movement of organelles within the cell

44
Q

What are soluble monomers of actin called?

A

G-actin

45
Q

What is F-actin?

A

Double stranded helical filaments of G-actin monomers

46
Q

What is the “motor” component of actin?

A

Myosin

47
Q

Myosin typically moves toward the _ end of the actin filament.

A

+

48
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

To assist in organelle movement and chromosome moevement, and beating of flagella/cilia

49
Q

What are the component proteins of microtubules?

A

Tubulin dimers (an alpha and beta tubulins)

50
Q

Each microtubule is a cylinder of __ parallel ___.

A

13

Protofilaments

51
Q

The tubulin dimers align head to tail to form what?

A

Protofilaments

52
Q

Where is the negative end of the microtubule usually located?

A

Near the center of the cell, at the microtubule organizing center

53
Q

Actin is involved in what type of link?

A

Cross-linking

54
Q

What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin

55
Q

What are the two tubulin dimers?

A

Alpha

Beta

56
Q

What is the largest cytoskeletal element?

A

Microtubules

57
Q

Microtubules have polarity, so the dyneins move where?

A

Toward the center of the cell (plus end). They bring things into the center of the cell

58
Q

Due to polarity, where do the kinesins of the microtubules move?

A

Toward the periphery of the cell (minus end)

59
Q

What is an axoneme?

A

A component of cilia and flagella made by 9 microtubule doublets, surrounding 2 central microtubules

60
Q

The A-tubule of the axoneme is formed by how many protofilaments?

A

13

61
Q

The B-tubule is formed by how many protofilaments?

A

10 or 11

62
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Mictrotubule organizing centers

63
Q

What is a centriole?

A

The anchor for microtubules

64
Q

Centrosomes are made of how many microtubules?

A

A pair

65
Q

What are some examples of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratins
Vimentins
Neurofilaments
Lamins

66
Q

What is the purpose of intermediate filaments?

A

Provide tensile strength

67
Q

What do lamins do?

A

Line the inside of the nuclear envelope

68
Q

Dimers of intermediate filaments form what?

A

Antiparallel tetramers

69
Q

What occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

The genetic material replicates

70
Q

What is the restriction checkpoint?

A

G 0 - where most cells are “stuck”; maintaining themselves

71
Q

Interphase consists of what phases?

A

G 0, S, and G1 (not in that order)

72
Q

Where does DNA repair occur?

A

G2 phase

73
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades (lamins get phosphorylated)

74
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align on metaphase plate

75
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are separated toward poles

76
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes decondense

MCBM Exam 2 (3 decks)

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