Histology - Cell Structure

Question 1

What does a periodic acid-Schiff stain detect?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

What color with a periodic acid-schiff stain turn?

Answer 2

Magenta

Question 3

What does enzyme histochemistry do?

Answer 3

Changes color when cleaved by a particular enzyme

Question 4

How does immunochistochemical staining work?

Answer 4

By using dyes bound to antibodies, to detect the presence of specific antigens on and within cells

Question 5

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 5

Epithelium
Connective tisuue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

Question 6

Where is epithelium found?

Answer 6

Covering body surfaces
Lining body cavities
Glands

Question 7

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 7

Bone
Cartilage
Blood

Question 8

Of what is bone matrix composed?

Answer 8

Collagen and calcium secreted by osteioblasts

Question 9

Cartilage matrix is composed of what two things?

Answer 9

Collagen

Hyaluronic acid

Question 10

What is the “matrix” of blood?

Answer 10

Plasma

Question 11

What are the three muscle types?

Answer 11

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

Question 12

A typical membrane within a cell is __% lipid by weight.

Answer 12

50%

Question 13

What part of the phospholipid faces outward in from the bilayer?

Answer 13

The polar, hydrophilic head

Question 14

What functions do membrane proteins serve?

Answer 14

Transporters
Receptors
Structural anchors

Question 15

What are integral membrane proteins?

Answer 15

Proteins that span the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer

Question 16

What are peripheral proteins?

Answer 16

Proteins that bind to the hydrophilic head of the membrane lipids

Question 17

What are glycolipids and glycoproteins?

Answer 17

Membrane components that have been modified by the addition of sugars

Question 18

What forms the glycocalyx of the cell?

Answer 18

Carbohydrates that extend from the extracellular surface of the membrane

Question 19

What purpose does cholesterol serve in the cell?

Answer 19

Creates areas of decreased fluidity where proteins may be anchored

Question 20

Areas with less cholesterol are ___fluid than areas with more cholesterol.

Answer 20

More

Question 21

Which organelles are membrane bound?

Answer 21

Nucleus
ER (rough and smooth)
Golgi apparatus
Endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes and vesicles
Mitochondria

Question 22

The nucleus is the site of what?

Answer 22

DNA storage

Gene transcription

Question 23

Which layer of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane from which organelle?

Answer 23

Outer layer is continuous with the membrane of the rough ER

Question 24

What lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 24

Lamins

Question 25

What do lamins do?

Answer 25

Provide structural support

Question 26

What causes the lamins to breakdown?

Answer 26

Phosphorylation

Question 27

What molecules can freely pass through the nuclear envelope?

Answer 27

Small molecules like water and ions can diffuse

Question 28

What is chromatin?

Answer 28

DNA bound by histones and other proteins

Question 29

What is heterochromatin?

Answer 29

Inactive DNA that is tightly condensed

Question 30

What stain is used for heterochromatin?

Answer 30

Hematoxylin

Question 31

What is euchromatin?

Answer 31

DNA and its associated proteins being actively transcribed

Question 32

Where is ribosomal RNA transcribed, processes and assembled?

Answer 32

In the nucleolus

Question 33

What stains the nucleolus?

Answer 33

Hemotoxylin

Question 34

What is the most common stain?

Answer 34

Hemotoxylin-eosin stain

Question 35

What color does hemotoxylin stain?

Answer 35

Deep purple

Question 36

What does hemotoxylin stain?

Answer 36

heterochromatin and nucleoli, ribosomal RNA. (Basophilic structures)

Question 37

Is hemotoxylin acidic or basic?

Answer 37

Basic

Question 38

What is eosin?

Answer 38

An acid stain that stains pink

Question 39

What does eosin stain?

Answer 39

Cytoplasm

Question 40

What does the cytoskeleton do for the cell?

Answer 40

Determines shape Provides support Creates movement of the cell Facilitates transport of organelles throughout the cell

Question 41

What are the three cytoskeletal filaments?

Answer 41

Actin Microtubules Intermediate filaments

Question 42

Which cells have actin?

Answer 42

All cells

Question 43

What is the roll of actin in the cell?

Answer 43

It is part of the cytoskeleton, and maintains cell shape, cell movement and movement of organelles within the cell

Question 44

What are soluble monomers of actin called?

Answer 44

G-actin

Question 45

What is F-actin?

Answer 45

Double stranded helical filaments of G-actin monomers

Question 46

What is the "motor" component of actin?

Answer 46

Myosin

Question 47

Myosin typically moves toward the _ end of the actin filament.

Answer 47

+

Question 48

What is the function of the microtubules?

Answer 48

To assist in organelle movement and chromosome moevement, and beating of flagella/cilia

Question 49

What are the component proteins of microtubules?

Answer 49

Tubulin dimers (an alpha and beta tubulins)

Question 50

Each microtubule is a cylinder of __ parallel ___.

Answer 50

13 | Protofilaments

Question 51

The tubulin dimers align head to tail to form what?

Answer 51

Protofilaments

Question 52

Where is the negative end of the microtubule usually located?

Answer 52

Near the center of the cell, at the microtubule organizing center

Question 53

Actin is involved in what type of link?

Answer 53

Cross-linking

Question 54

What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 54

Actin

Question 55

What are the two tubulin dimers?

Answer 55

Alpha | Beta

Question 56

What is the largest cytoskeletal element?

Answer 56

Microtubules

Question 57

Microtubules have polarity, so the dyneins move where?

Answer 57

Toward the center of the cell (plus end). They bring things into the center of the cell

Question 58

Due to polarity, where do the kinesins of the microtubules move?

Answer 58

Toward the periphery of the cell (minus end)

Question 59

What is an axoneme?

Answer 59

A component of cilia and flagella made by 9 microtubule doublets, surrounding 2 central microtubules

Question 60

The A-tubule of the axoneme is formed by how many protofilaments?

Answer 60

13

Question 61

The B-tubule is formed by how many protofilaments?

Answer 61

10 or 11

Question 62

What are centrosomes?

Answer 62

Mictrotubule organizing centers

Question 63

What is a centriole?

Answer 63

The anchor for microtubules

Question 64

Centrosomes are made of how many microtubules?

Answer 64

A pair

Question 65

What are some examples of intermediate filaments?

Answer 65

Keratins Vimentins Neurofilaments Lamins

Question 66

What is the purpose of intermediate filaments?

Answer 66

Provide tensile strength

Question 67

What do lamins do?

Answer 67

Line the inside of the nuclear envelope

Question 68

Dimers of intermediate filaments form what?

Answer 68

Antiparallel tetramers

Question 69

What occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 69

The genetic material replicates

Question 70

What is the restriction checkpoint?

Answer 70

G 0 - where most cells are "stuck"; maintaining themselves

Question 71

Interphase consists of what phases?

Answer 71

G 0, S, and G1 (not in that order)

Question 72

Where does DNA repair occur?

Answer 72

G2 phase

Question 73

What occurs in prophase?

Answer 73

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades (lamins get phosphorylated)

Question 74

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 74

Chromosomes align on metaphase plate

Question 75

What occurs in anaphase?

Answer 75

Sister chromatids are separated toward poles

Question 76

What happens in telophase?

Answer 76

Nuclear envelope reforms; chromosomes decondense