review Flashcards
What is the main component of natural gas?
Methane, CH4(g)
What does it mean for natural gas to be referred to as ‘sour’?
It contains impurities such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S(g))
What is a ‘sweet’ natural gas?
Natural gas that does not contain hydrogen sulfide
Define ‘alkane’.
A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms
What is the general formula for alkanes?
C_nH_(2n+2)
What is the physical state of alkanes with five or more carbons at SATP?
Liquid
What are alkanes classified as?
Saturated hydrocarbons
What is the purpose of a molecular formula?
Indicates the type and number of atoms
What does a structural formula show?
The connectivity of atoms in a compound
What is a condensed structural formula?
Shows connecting groups of atoms in a compound
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures
What is a branch in organic chemistry?
Any group of atoms that is not part of the main structure of the molecule
What is an alkyl branch?
A branch consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is the first step in naming branched alkanes?
Number the longest chain of carbon atoms (the parent chain)
How are identical groups attached to the main chain designated?
With prefixes: 2–di, 3–tri, 4–tetra, 5–penta, 6–hexa
What is a cycloalkane?
A cyclic hydrocarbon with all carbon–carbon single bonds
What is the formula for cycloalkanes?
C_nH_(2n)
What are unsaturated compounds?
Organic compounds with carbon–carbon double or triple bonds
Define hydrogenation.
The conversion of an unsaturated hydrocarbon to a saturated hydrocarbon by the addition of hydrogen
What are alkenes?
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon–carbon double bonds
What is the formula for alkenes?
C_nH_(2n)
What are alkynes?
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon–carbon triple bonds
What is the formula for alkynes?
C_nH_(2n–2)
How is the longest chain for alkenes and alkynes determined?
It must contain the multiple bond, numbered from the end closest to the multiple bond
What is cracking?
An industrial process in which large hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller hydrocarbons
What is benzene?
C6H6(l), a unique hydrocarbon ring structure with a characteristic aroma
What are aromatics?
Structures based on benzene
What is the process of catalytic reforming?
Converts aliphatic molecules in a gasoline fraction to aromatic gasoline molecules
What is complete combustion?
A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour as the only products
What is incomplete combustion?
A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce products other than carbon dioxide and water vapour
What are organic halides?
Organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms
What is a functional group?
A characteristic arrangement of atoms within a molecule that determines the most important chemical and physical properties
What is an alcohol?
An organic molecule that contains the hydroxyl (–OH) functional group
What are primary alcohols?
Alcohols where the carbon atom containing the –OH is bonded to one other carbon atom
What are secondary alcohols?
Alcohols where the carbon atom containing the –OH is bonded to two other carbon atoms
What are tertiary alcohols?
Alcohols where the carbon atom containing the –OH is bonded to three other carbon atoms
What are polyalcohols?
Alcohols that contain more than one hydroxyl group
What is an elimination reaction?
Involves eliminating atoms or groups of atoms from adjacent carbon atoms in an organic molecule
What is dehydrogenation?
The removal of hydrogen from a molecule, often associated with elimination reactions
