Module 5 Flashcards
Types of Fossil Fuels
Nonrenewable Sources: Coal, oil sands, heavy oil, crude oil, and natural gas.
Primary Hydrocarbons: Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms, used to synthesize fuels, plastics, and synthetic fibres.
Refining Fossil Fuels
Refining Technology: Involves physical and chemical processes to separate complex mixtures into simpler components.
Physical Processes: E.g., crushing coal, solvent extraction, condensation, and distillation of natural gas.
Chemical Processes: Refining bitumen/tar from oil sands, complex refining of crude oil.
organic vs inorganic compounds
Organic Compounds
Contains C-H Bonds
Common Elements: C, H, O, N, S
Structure: Chains/rings (covalent)
Naming Clues: -ane, -ene, -ol, -al
Examples: Methane (CH₄), Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
Inorganic Compounds
Lacks C-H Bonds (exceptions: carbonates)
Common Elements: Metals, nonmetals (e.g., Na, Cl, O)
Structure: Ionic/metalic/simple covalent
Naming Clues: -ate, -ite, oxide, chloride
Examples: NaCl, H₂O, CO₂
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms
Alkanes
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Alkanes are also known as a saturated hydrocarbons because with only single bonds between carbon atoms, the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible
Every organic compound has an IUPAC name that contains three basic parts:
prefix + root + suffix
Identify the root
* The root identifies the longest, continuous carbon chain in the molecule
Identify the suffix
- If only single bonds exist between carbon atoms, the molecule is an alkane and has an “-ane” ending
Identify the prefix
Purpose: Indicates the location & type of side groups (substituents) on the main carbon chain.
Hydrocarbon Substituents: Use “-yl” ending (e.g., CH₃ → methyl, CH₂CH₂CH₃ → propyl).
Halogen Substituents:Named as “chloro”, “bromo”, “iodo”, etc.
Numbering: Number the main chain from the end that gives substituents the lowest possible numbers.
If a halogen is present, it must receive the lowest number.
Ordering: List substituents alphabetically (ignore prefixes like di-, tri-, tetra- when alphabetizing).
Punctuation: Use hyphens (-) between numbers and letters; use commas (,) to separate numbers.
a. 2-methylbutane
b. 2,2-dimethylpropane
c. Heptane
d. 1-fluoro-3-iodo-3-methylbutane
e. 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane
f. 2-bromopropane
g. 2,3-dimethylpentane
h. 2,2,4,4-tetramethylhexane
i. 2-bromo-4,4-dimethylpentane
j. 2,2,4-trimethyl-4-propylheptane
k. 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylhexane
1. 2,3-dichloro-4-fluorohexane
Alkenes vs alkynes
Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, whereas alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond. This difference results in alkynes having fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkene.
What is the functional group that defines an alcohol?
Alcohols are defined by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH⁻) functional group. This hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom in the hydrocarbon structure.
When naming an alkene or alkyne, how do you indicate the position of the double or triple bond?
The position of the double or triple bond is indicated by the lowest number carbon atom involved in the bond. This number is placed before the parent chain name. For example, but-2-ene indicates the double bond is between the 2nd and 3rd carbon atoms.
What is an aromatic compound
A benzene ring is a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds. It is the defining feature of aromatic hydrocarbons, which often have distinctive smells, and is often drawn with a circle inside of the six membered ring. Suffix is benzene or phenyl for side group.
What is an Aliphatic compound
Aliphatic compounds are any hydrocarbons that do not contain a benzene ring (aliphatic compounds can include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclic hydrocarbon)
Why are alkenes and alkynes referred to as unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated because they do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms. The presence of double or triple bonds means fewer hydrogen atoms are present compared to alkanes.
A.
A
Butane has three carbon-carbon bonds. It is a four-carbon alkane, with the molecular formula C4H10. Alkanes have only single carbon-carbon bonds.
Butane is considered a saturated and aliphatic hydrocarbon.
Saturated Hydrocarbon: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they contain only single carbon-carbon bonds, and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Butane is an aliphatic hydrocarbon because it does not contain a benzene ring. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, as well as cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, and they can have straight chains, branches, or be cyclic.
The properties that apply to butane from the list provided are numbered 2, 3, 6, and 8.
Here’s why:
2 - Non-polar: Butane (C4H10) is a hydrocarbon containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, which have similar electronegativities. This leads to non-polar covalent bonds and an overall non-polar molecule. The sources note that molecules with only C-H bonds are non-polar.
3 - Straight-chain hydrocarbon: Butane is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms.
6 - Higher boiling point than propane: Boiling point increases as the number of carbon atoms increases due to increased London forces.
8 - Undergoes combustion and substitution reactions:
Combustion: All hydrocarbons, including butane, undergo combustion reactions in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Substitution: Alkanes typically undergo substitution reactions, where a hydrogen atom is replaced by another atom or group.
