Review

Question 1

endosymbiosis

Answer 1

creation of mitochondria

- bacterium engulfs but no digest archaeon

Question 2

evidence of endosymbosis

Answer 2

(1) double membrane
(2) size: mitochondria ≈ bacterium
(3) replication by fission, not mitosis
(4) replication independent of nucleus - timing
(5) bacterial-like ribosomes
(6) special genome (circular ≠ linear)

Question 3

molecules that build living orgs

Answer 3

(1) mainly H2O

(2) large molcules: proteins, nucleic acids, carbs & lipids

Question 4

monomer

Answer 4

small molecule that covalently bind to otro similar molecules to form large macromolecule

Question 5

polymer

Answer 5

any long molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded juntos

Question 6

hydrolysis

Answer 6

polymer + H2O → monomer

Question 7

condensation

Answer 7

monomer → polymer + H2O

Question 8

types of polymers

Answer 8

(1) protein
(2) nucleic acid
(3) polysaccharides

Question 9

cilia

Answer 9

short, filamentous projections used for motion & to circulate fluid/particles around surface of STATIONARY cell

• found in single-celled eukaryotes
• asymmetric wave form
• many per cell
• core = microtubules

(ie) ciliated epithelia

Question 10

flagella

Answer 10

long, cellular projection that undulates (eukaryotes) or rotates (prokaryotes) to move cell through aqueous environment

• symmetric wave form
• only 1-2 per cell

(ie) spermatoza

Question 11

microvilli

Answer 11

tiny protusions from surface of epithelial cell

• fcn: ↑ surface area for substance absorption
• look like cilia & flagella
• immobile

Question 12

cilia / flagella structure

Answer 12

(1) microtubules (9 + 2 structure)
(2) dynein arms
(3) covered in plasma membrane
(4) axoneme

Question 13

model systems

Answer 13

used to study flagellum

Question 14

levels of biological organization

Answer 14

(1) biosphere
(2) ecosystem
(3) community
(4) population
(5) multicellular organism
(6) organ system
(7) organ
(8) tissue
(9) cell
(10) organelle
(11) molecule
(12) atom

A M O C T O OS MO P C E B

Question 15

domains of life

Answer 15

(1) Bacteria
(2) Archaea
(3) Eukarya

Question 16

secondary endosymbiosis significance

Answer 16

(1) chloroplasts
(2) mitochondria
(3) nuclear membrane

Question 17

Bacteria characteristics

Answer 17

(1) DNA ≠ enclosed by nuclear envelope
(2) circular chromosome
(3) no organelles enclosed by membranes
(4) rotating flagella present
(5) unicellular species
(6) plasma membrane lipids composed of glycerol bonded to unbranched fatty acids by ester linkages
(7) cell walls present & contain peptidoglycan
(8) RNA polymerase compose of 5 subuniits
(9) translation initiated w/ N-formylmethionine (f-met)
(10) prokaryote

Question 18

Archaea characteristics

Answer 18

(1) DNA ≠ enclosed by nuclear envelope
(2) circular chromosome
(3) no organelles enclosed by membranes
(4) rotating flagella present
(5) unicellular species
(6) branched lipids bonded by ether linkages
(7) no cell walls
(8) RNA polymerase composed of >10 subunits
(9) translation initiated w/ methionine
(10) prokaryote

Question 19

Eukarya characteristics

Answer 19

(1) DNA enclosed by nuclear envelope
(2) linear chromosome
(3) organelles enclosed by membranes
(4) flagella & cilia undulate
(5) multicellular species
(6) branched lipids bonded by ether linkages
(7) no cell walls
(8) RNA polymerase composed of >10 subunits
(9) translation initiated w/ methionine

Question 20

flagella & cillia locations

Answer 20

(1) respiratory system
(2) photoreceptors - eyes
(3) reproductive system - sperm flagellum & fallopian tube cilia