Review

Question 1

How is a complex
sentence different
from a compound
sentence?

Answer 1

Compound sentences use two or more independent clauses. I am working now, but we will eat later. Complex sentences combine independent clauses with subordinate clauses, also known as dependent clauses.

Question 2

What is a comma
splice?

Answer 2

using a comma to link two independent clauses (which should instead be linked by a colon, semicolon, or conjunction), as in he loves cooking, he’s great at making curries.

Question 3

What is a run-on
sentence?

Answer 3

when two independent clauses run together without proper punctuation or appropriate conjunctions

Question 4

What does it mean
to have proper
agreement in a
sentence?

Answer 4

the words a writer uses need to align in number and in gender (when applicable)

Question 5

Why is diction
important?

Answer 5

Diction determines the words you use, which consequently determines the writing style and type of tone you use. Through diction, a writer can sound friendly or serious, knowledgeable or clueless, poetic or dry.

Question 6

How are semicolons
and colons used?

Answer 6

Colons introduce or define something. The primary use of semicolons is to join two main clauses.

Question 7

Explain the
importance of
evidence.

Answer 7

shows the audience why the claim/thesis statement is important and how it is relevant. Evidence backs up certain statements to ‘prove’ or support what is being said.

Question 8

Explain the
difference between
cohesion and
coherence.

Answer 8

cohesion is achieved when sentences are connected at the sentence level, whereas as coherence is achieved when ideas are connected. In addition, cohesion focuses on the grammar and style of your paper.

Question 9

What’s the difference
between a topic
sentence and a
thesis statement?
Where are they
generally located in
an essay?

Answer 9

1. The thesis statement covers the entire argument/the primary point of the paper. 2. The topic sentences give the main point(s) of individual body paragraphs and, in turn, support a part of the argument/primary point of the thesis.
   End of intro and beginning of main paragraphs.

Question 10

Explain a possible
structure for the
introduction of the
paper.

Answer 10

Start by broadly introducing the topic, then provide general background information, narrowing to specific background research, and finally a focused research question, hypothesis, or thesis statement (general to specific).

Question 11

What are the
different ways that a
writer can appeal to
the reader?

Answer 11

Logos, the appeal to logic, is used to convince an audience with reason. Logos would contain a clear
message and cite facts, statistics, authorities, and literal analogies.
Example: “Of all the studies in the last decade, none recommend that this is an effective treatment for
losing weight.”
Ethos, the ethical appeal, is used to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character.
Authors develop ethos by sounding fair or unbiased or by introducing their expertise or background.
Example: “The doctor’s many years of experience show he is qualified to prescribe a treatment that will
produce the best result.”
Pathos, the emotional appeal, is used to invoke sympathy with meaningful language, a moving tone, or
touching stories.
Example: “Some people feel they have wasted their lives, but it is never too late to renew a sense of
purpose and meaning and make a valuable contribution to the world that only they can make.”
Kairos describes the most suitable time and place for making an argument and the most
opportune ways of expressing it.
Example: “Today’s generation of students in their 20s is firmly tuned in to a digital world.”

Question 12

How should we
evaluate/ critique an
author?

Answer 12

Evaluate the author’s perspective, writing style, and potential biases. Assess the article’s contribution to the field and offer constructive feedback. Organize your critique coherently, highlighting strengths, weaknesses, and implications.

Question 13

Explain consistency
of point of view in
writing.

Answer 13

you should use the same person or personal pronoun throughout a sentence or paragraph: first person singular (I), forst person plural (we), second person singular or plural (you), third person singular (he, she, it, one) or third person plural (they)

Question 14

Explain the
importance of
transitions.

Answer 14

they help readers understand how ideas and parts of a paper fit together, and they can help writers organize their papers.

Question 15

Why should we cite
our sources?

Answer 15

Citing tells your reader where you found your information. Citing allows your reader to learn more, beginning with your sources. Citing gives credit to the people whose words or ideas you are using. Citing protects you from plagiarizing.

Question 16

What sort of
material should be
documented?

Answer 16

Generally, all published or copyrighted information must be documented. This means anything summarized, paraphrased, or quoted. The same goes as well for any unpublished material. If it’s not yours you have to say so: You have to give credit where credit is due.

Question 17

What sort of
material does not
need to be
documented?

Answer 17

Common knowledge does not need to be cited. Common knowledge includes facts that are known by a lot of people and can be found in many sources.

Question 18

What are some
questions we should
ask when we find a
source that we want
to use for a paper?

Answer 18

How well does the source answer the research question?
Is the information provided by an expert?
Is the source valid?
Is there a variety of sources?

Question 19

What’s the
difference between a
citation and a
reference?

Answer 19

Purpose: The purpose of a citation is to point to additional information whereas the purpose of a reference is to supply that additional information. Location: Citations appear within the main text whereas references are added towards the end of the main text as a list.

Question 20

What are some
sources that should
be listed in italics?

Answer 20

Italicize titles if the source is self-contained and independent. Titles of books, plays, films, periodicals, databases, and websites are italicized.

Question 21

What are some
sources that are
listed in quotations?

Answer 21

Place titles in quotation marks if the source is part of a larger work. Articles, essays, chapters, poems, webpages, songs, and speeches are placed in quotation marks.

Question 22

How can you list
more than three
authors of a work?

Answer 22

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources. In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only “al” should be followed by a period.

Question 23

What are some
different reference
and citation styles?

Answer 23

APA.
Chicago.
Harvard.
MHRA.
MLA.

Question 24

Is it important to
study the
abbreviations of
documented
sources?

Question 25

Thinking about
sources, what is the
purpose of an
almanac? An atlas?
A thesaurus? A
handbook?

Answer 25

An almanac is an annual publication containing a calendar for the coming year, the times of such events and phenomena as anniversaries, sunrises and sunsets, phases of the moon, tides, etc., and other statistical information and related topics.
Using a thesaurus can help them to find more accurate or precise language that better reflects their thoughts.
The purpose of a handbook is to provide quick answers and easy access to information in a specific area or field.

Question 26

What is the
difference between a
denotation and a
connotation?

Answer 26

Denotation is the literal dictionary definition of a word. Connotation is the underlying emotion or feeling associated with a word.

Question 27

What are some more
information of
abbreviations you
might find in
sources?

Answer 27

c. (circa)
“Around.” Often used for dates that are not secure.

cf. (confer)
“Compare.” Often used when discussing two or more sources on the same topic.

d. (died)
Common in reference works.

ed.
“Edited by” or “Editor(s)”

e.g. (exempli gratia)
“For example.” Do not confuse this with i.e.

et al. (et alii)
“And others” (to denote multiple authors).

etc. (et cetera)
You can translate this in your mind as “and other similar things.” Commonly found at the end of lists to indicate that there are more examples and the list is not exhaustive.

fl. or flor. (floruit)
Used to denote when a person was living, writing, or in their peak of production. This type of abbreviation is usually used in reference entries like encyclopedias or in commentaries, especially when specific dates are uncertain.

i.a. (inter alia)
Among others/among other things

ibid. (ibidem)
Literally “in the same place.” You will most often find this in footnotes to indicate a citation comes from the same source as cited directly above.

i.e. (id est)
“That is.” What follows usually furthers a point just made by a specific reference, or explains it in different terms. This can be used to give an example, but only a very specific and pointed example. Do not confuse with e.g.

n. (note)
Used often in citations to refer to a footnote in another work.

N.B. (nota bene)
Literally “note well.” You can understand this to mean “pay close attention to this” or “this is important.”

rec. (recensuit)

Edited by, often specifically in reference to editions of ancient texts.

sc. (scilicet)

“Namely” or “that is to say.” This is a clarifying remark, often used parenthetically in commentaries to provide a word missing in the text or to clarify a point.

trans. “Translated by”
vel sim. (vel similia)

or the like; or similar
viz. (videlicet)

Literally “it is permitted to see.” This is used to detail what came before, usually (nearly) exhaustively. You can translate it in your head as “namely” or “as follows.”

Question 28

What is “framing”?

Answer 28

In writing, framing inevitably shapes a perspective on our subject—how we “see” the subject—all to help accomplish our purpose. We may frame an issue in different ways in order to affect or change the audience’s response to the issue.

Question 29

Considering rhetorical
devices, what is
Parallelism?
Alliteration? Metaphor?
Simile? Hyperbole?
Antithesis? Rhetorical
question? Allusion?
Enumeration?

Answer 29

Parallelism in grammar is defined as two or more phrases or clauses in a sentence that have the same grammatical structure.
With metaphor, the qualities of one thing are figuratively carried over to another. When I say, “Dude, I’m drowning in work,” I’m using qualities associated with one thing—the urgency and helplessness of drowning—to convey meaning for another thing—the work I’ve got to do.
a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox )
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer
Allusion is when an author references something external to his or her work in a passing manner. For example, an author may reference a musical artist or song, a great thinker or philosopher, the author or title of a different text, or a major historical event.
Enumeration means counting or reciting numbers or a numbered list.

Question 30

What is the
difference of using
first, second or third
person?

Answer 30

First person is the I/we perspective.
Second person is the you perspective.
Third person is the he/she/it/they perspective.

Question 31

What are some
common fallacies?

Answer 31

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/logical-fallacies/

Question 32

Time management:
One minute per
question on the test.