Module 3

Question 1

Audience, Purpose and Tone

Answer 1

Audience: For whom is the text written?
Consider length, language, style, level, etc.
Purpose: Why is the text written? To
inform, persuade, motivate, entertain,
analyze, argue?
Tone: What is the author’s attitude? Choice
of vocabulary, focus, content and opinion.
All three of these are in inextricably
connected.

Question 2

Cause-and-Effect Order

Answer 2

s the
relationship between events
and/or things, when one is the
outcome of the other, as in
action and reaction

Question 3

Chronological Order

Answer 3

when
information is given in
sequence, like telling a story or
explaining an historical event.

Question 4

Comparison Order

Answer 4

when
two or more things are
compared and/or contrasted.

Question 5

Emphatic Order

Answer 5

when
things are presented in order
of importance, perhaps like
in a news article, where the
first lines are the most
prevalent.

Question 6

General to Specific Order

Answer 6

starts with a general theme
but moves to a specific
topic.

Question 7

Problem-Solving Order

Answer 7

when a problem is
presented and solutions
are given.

Question 8

Framing

Answer 8

when a writer makes
readers explicitly aware of what
is to come in the piece of
writing.
“tell them what you
are going to tell them”

Question 9

Parallelism:

Alliteration:

Metaphor:

Answer 9

a parallel syntactic or
word structure that is repeated

the repetition of
similar sounds

speaking of one thing
like it were another by making a
figurative comparison

Question 10

Rhetorical devices

Answer 10

Simile: making a comparison using “like” or “as”
Hyperbole: an exaggeration
Antithesis: parallel structure of
ideas that contrast one another
Rhetorical question: asking a
question to raise an issue but
not necessarily seeking an
answer to it
Analogy: comparing something
well known with something less
well known
Allusion: a reference to a
person, place, event, etc.
Enumeratio: a list of details
about something
Exemplum: providing the reader
with examples

Question 11

Point of View
The first person (I)

Answer 11

gives
the writer’s perspective. It
is more personal but in
some writing it can be
considered less objective.

Question 12

Point of View
The second person (you)

Answer 12

from the reader’s
perspective. This is the
least used and can be the
least convincing if used
too much.

Question 13

Point of View
The third person (it is, etc.)

Answer 13

is neither of these; it is
mostly unspecified. It is
more objective and is often
used with the passive
voice.

Question 14

Syntax is another word for ________

Answer 14

Grammar

Question 15

Fallacies: We must analyze the
author’s assertions. They could
be fallacious in nature. Here are
a list of some common fallacies:

Answer 15

Ad hominem: attacking the
person instead of the argument
Appeal to ignorance: ignorance
as evidence (we have no
evidence God doesn’t exist,
therefore he does)
Argument from (false) authority:
someone isn’t really qualified to
say that
Bandwagon fallacy: because
everyone does it, or believes it,
it is true
Circular argument (begging the
question): repeating the claim
but not providing support
Dogmatism: unwilling to
consider the opponent’s
argument
Faulty analogy: saying two
things are more alike than they
really are
Non Sequitur: something that
does not follow the premise
Red herring: diverting the
attention by changing the
subject
Slippery slope: a change in
policy or law will lead to dire
consequences.
Straw man: creating a false
scenario and then attacking it