review Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeletal system
support the body, protect the organs, movement, hemopoiesis, energy, and mineral reserves.
three types of cartilage
hyaline- fetal skeleton
elastic- pinna(outer ear), epiglottis
fibrocartilage- intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
spongy bone
less dense bone made of trabeculae and forms inside of bones
compact bone
dense bone made of osteons. external layer of bone
osteoblasts
builds bone
osteoclasts
consumes bone
osteocytes
mature bone cells
endochondral ossification
bones begin as a hyaline cartilage model. bones replace the cartilage. most bones
intramembranous ossification
bone grows within a membrane. flat bones ex. maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, and center of clavicle
epiphyseal plate
holds growth plate cartilage
pectoral girdle
the scapula and clavicle
bones of upper limb
pectoral girdle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
tibia v fibula
tibia is larger and more medial
types of joints
fibrous- sutures in the skull
cartilaginous- pubic symphysis
synovial- joints of limbs
synchondosis
cartilaginous joint where bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage
symphysis
where bones are joined by fibrocartilage forming an immovable joint
plane joint
gliding ex tarsals carpal
hinge
flexion and extension ex elbow joint
pivot joint
rotation ex proximal radioulnar joint
condylar joint
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction ex metacarpophalangeal joint
ball and socket joint
flexion, extention, adduction, abduction, and rotation
knee bones and ligaments
patella, femur, tibia; lateral and medial collateral ligament, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
temporomandibular joint bones
mandible and temporal.
bones and ligaments of the elbow
humerus, ulna, and radius, annular ligament, radial collateral ligament
coxal joint bones
femur and os coxae
glenohumeral joint
scapula, humerus
three types of muscle tissue
cardiac- striated w/ intercalated disks. involuntary
smooth- not striated involuntary
skeletal- voluntary, striated
functions of skeletal muscles
produce movement, maintain posture, support, generate heat, storage and movement of materials.
properties of skeletal muscle
contractility (cells can shorten), excitability, extensibility, elasticity
layers of connective found in muscle
epimysium- surrounds entire muscle most superficial
perimysium- surrounds each fascicle
endomysium- surrounds fibers within fasicle deepest
sarcomere
the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue
convergent muscle
narrow insertion broad origin, latissimus dorsi
circular muscle
orbicularis oculi
parallel msucle
sternocleidomastoid
pennate muscle
deltoid
synergist
muscles with similar actions
antagonistic
muscles with opposite actions
functions of cranial bones
protect brain and provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
facial bones functions
form framework for face, opening for food and air, hold the teeth, anchor muscles of the face.
cranial bones
frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 parietals, and 2 temporals
cranial sutures
sagittal suture, coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture,
facial bones
mandible, vomer, 2 nasals, 2 lacrimals , 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae
orbital bones
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid bones
function of thoracic cage
protects heart, lungs, and other organs, support pectoral girdle and provides attachment points.
floating ribs
last two ribs 11-12
true ribs
attach to sternum by costal cartilage, 1-7
what parts of the ribs articulate with the vertebrae
the tubercle and head
false ribs
ribs that dont directly connect to sternum, 8-10
landmarks of the strenum
xiphoid process, body, manubrium, sternal angle, jugular notch
why is surface anatomy important
connecting outside appearance with the deep structures of the body is important for diagnosis of diseases and disorders
cubital fossa
common location for blood drawing. located on inside of the elbow. contains median cubital vein
surface anatomy examination
- visual inspection 2. percussion 3. palpation 4. auscultation
where is radial pulse taken
the anatomical snuffbox. distal to radial styloid process
the gluteal region and its use
used for intramuscular injections upper lateral quad
femoral triangle use
catheter insertion, helps stop bleeding in the lower leg. borders inguinal ligament superiorly, sartorius muscle laterally, adductor longus medially
triangle of auscultation and its borders
the location used to hear respiratory sounds; trapezius, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi
craniosynostosis
premature fusion of the skull bones
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
kyphosis
excessive curvature of the thoracic spine
osteoporosis
bone mineral density and bone mass decrease due to an imbalance in the normal bone building and degradation cycle.
lordosis
excessive curvature of the lumbar spine. due to larger front load
compartment syndrome
the damaged muscle surrounding fascia swell and constricts putting pressure on vessels and nerves. also prevents blood from entering or leaving. acute- can lead to tissure loss chronic- caused by overuse
fractures in humerus
common in surgical neck and midshaft spiral fractures
