Review Flashcards
Sagittal Vs frontal Plane
Middle Left to Right
Vs
Middle Front to Back
Positive Ions
Cations:
Sodium, potassium, calcium
Negative Ions
Anions:
Isotonic vs hypertonic vs hypotonic
Solutions
ISO: same osmotic pressure as bodily fluids, retains its normal shape/no net gain/loss of water
Hyper: higher osmotic pressure than bodily fluids, cells lose water & cremate (shrink)
Hypo: lower osmotic pressure than fluids, cell swells quickly (hemolysis)
What are lactated ringers considered
What is normal saline considered
Osmosis
Water molecules diffuse from area of higher water concentration to lower
Diffusion
Process by which substances spontaneously move from regions of higher concentrations to lower (influenced by kinetic energy)
Facilitated diffusion
Some substances cannot pass through the lipid bi-layer of cell membrane requiring proteins to assist (still higher > lower)
3 functions of Golgi Apparatus
- Modifying & packaging secretions (hormones/enzymes) released via exocytosis
- Packaging special enzymes inside vesicles for use in cytosol
- Renewing or modifying cell membrane
Antibodies:
What are they and what do they do
Proteins that detect & destroy foreign substances
Inflammation:
What is it & what initiates it
Merocrine sweat glands
Skeletal system function/s
Most abundant mineral in body
Calcium function & importance
Sodium function & importance
Potassium function & importance
Afferent vs efferent
Depolarization vs Repolarization
Dermatomes:
What are they & function
What type of receptors are in the parasympathetic NS
What is adaptation
What is equilibrium
Hypothalamus:
What does it control,
What does it do,
Where is it located
ADH
Diabetes Insipidus vs
Mellitus
Aldosterone:
What is it & what does it do
Permissive effect
Hemophilia & factor 8
What conveys electrical impulses from the heart
Stroke volume
The volume of blood discharged from the ventricle w/ each contraction.
SV= EDV - ESV
Difference from End-Diastolic Volume (amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole)
&
End-Systolic Volume
(amount of blood that remains in a ventricle after it has already contracted)
Average: EDV= 120mL ESV= 50mL
SV= 70mL
Cardiac output
The volume discharged from the ventricle per minute
HR x SV = CO (Liters per Minute)
Atherosclerosis vs
Arteriosclerosis
Plaque build up in inner walls
Vs
Stiffening of arteries
What affects Tissue perfusion
Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
BP
What is shock
Hypoperfusion
What is Lymphadenopathy
Chronic or excessive lymph node enlargement
B cells
Activated by T cells, they are lymphocytes responsible for humoral immunity, which is a specific mechanism that involves the production of antibodies. Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells which are specialized to secrete antibodies
T cells
Lymphocytes that are responsible for cell mediated immunity & activate B cells. They act directly against tumor cells & virus infected cells
Interferons
Small proteins that bind to un infected cells and stimulate them to make protective proteins. They are secreted by infected cells & diffuse to nearby cells, stimulating protein synthesis that interferes w/ viral replication. They block viral RNA from synthesizing proteins & also degrade the viral RNA itself
Why do autoimmune disorders develop
What is Residual Volume
Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration
Average:
Males= 1,200mL Females= 1,100mL
Function of the Duodenum
Serves as a mixing area where absorption begins, it receives chyme from the stomach & digestive secretions from the pancreas & liver
What are parietal cells & what do they secrete
Are secretory cells found mostly in the apical region of the stomach glands & are scattered among the Chief cells.
They secrete both Hydrochloric acid & the intrinsic factor glycoprotein
Types of Hepatitis
A & E= contaminated food/water
B= contact w/ blood or bodily fluid of infected person
C= blood to blood contact
D= contact with infected blood (people w/ hep B)
What is ATP & what does it do
Adenosine triphosphate
A nucleotide used as the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
What lipoprotein removes cholesterol and sends it to the liver
Convection vs conduction
How does the body respond to the rise in body temperature
What do filtration membranes do
How does acidosis affect the body
What does hypercapnia cause
