Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is are the axes of a graph showing heritability?

A

X - midparent
y - midoffspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Non additive meaning one or the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

An allele can affect multiple things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the classical school of thought on variation, how about the balance school of thought?

A

Classical - variation low and harmful
Balance - variation high and beneficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Wahlund effect?

A

Reduced observed heterozygosity compared to expected due to population structure (includes selection, gene flow, and genetic drift)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The higher the effective population size, the ____ amount of polymorphism

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the equation of fitness, w bar?

A

MxL=wbar
M - mating success
L - survivorship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between Mendelians and Biometricians?

A

Mendelians believe in no intermediates which is possible when only one loci is responsible for a trait while biometricians believe in many intermediates when several loci are responsible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the Breeder’s Equation?

A

R = h^2 S
R - response to selection aka evolution
H^2 - heritable variation
S - selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is h^2B and what is h^2N?

A

H^2B = VG/VP = VG / VG + VE = VA + VD + VI(epistatic) / VG + VE
H^2N = VA/VP = VA / VG + VE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the slope of a heritability graph equal to?

A

H^2N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are axes of a selection gradient?

A

X - trait
Y - relative fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the axes of a selection differential?

A

X - trait
Y - number of individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which sweeps are hard to detect?

A

Soft sweeps and polygenic adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is an lineage thats existed for 200M years more likely to survive extinction?

A

Nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do hox genes relate to evolution?

A

Messing around with hox genes allows for differences in morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is introversion?

A

Gene flow from one species to another (aka Neanderthal fucking humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is incomplete lineage sorting?

A

The gap between the gene tree and the species tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Should you do lineage sorting at one spot or many?

A

Many because at just one spot you might find NO differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Haldane’s rule?

A

You’ll see a change in the heterogemetic sex first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is morphological stasis?

A

Staying the same shape over time because it has high fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Selects for large or small values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Selects for intermediate trait values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Selects for extreme trait values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A trait acted upon by natural selection to fulfill a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the steps of determining if something is an adaptation?

A
  • Measure selection
  • demonstrate a relationship between env and trait
  • demonstrate a link between trait and fitness
  • make sure u reject null hypothesis of drift
  • measure heritability
  • find the genes (not necessary)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is isogamy?

A

All gametes are the same size
- in some species all gametes can fuse
- in others, only diff mating types can fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is anisogamy?

A

Gametes are size-dimorphic
- only gametes of diff sizes can fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the advantages of sex?

A
  • removal of deleterious muts
  • creating novel phenotypes to help environmental changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the Fisher-Muller effect?

A

Asexuals need a descendent with a beneficial mutation and need to develop another beneficial mutation to get two beneficial mutations. Sexual can get several mutations with different origins in a single organisms through recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Muller’s Ratchet?

A

Beneficial mutations in an asexual population can be lost forever by chance. It also states that genetic load increases over time (genetic load = decrease in fitness due to deleterious mutations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What affects the rate of Muller’s Ratchet in asexuals?

A
  • Strength of drift (Ne)
  • Mutation rate
  • impact of deleterious mutations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is bet-hedging?

A

The idea that having variable offspring increases the odds that some will survive an ever changing environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does sex benefit host-parasite coevolution?

A

Sex creates rare genotypes which makes it hard for parasites to target them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is frequency-dependent selection?

A

Red queen, parasites and hosts chase each other and their frequencies go up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the axes on a sexual selection gradient?

A

Y - mating success
X - trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is operational sex ratio?

A

Ratio of reproductively active males to females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Will members of sex with strong sexual selection compete for mates or be choosy?

A

Compete for mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What’s intrasexual competition?

A

Differential mating success due to interactions within their sex (aka males fighting for dominance)

40
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Differential mating success due to interactions with members of the other sex (males trying to impress females)

41
Q

What do external fertilizers favor?

A

MORE sperm

42
Q

What to internal fertilizers favor?

A

Faster sperm

43
Q

What are the four reasons for choosing sexual selection?

A
  1. Nothing, arbitrary
  2. Pre-existing sensory bias
  3. Direct benefits
  4. Indirect benefits
44
Q

What does inclusive fitness include (lol)?

A

Direct + Indirect fitness

45
Q

What is Hamilton’s Rule?

A

Br - C > 0
B - benefit to the recipient
R - relatedness to actor and recipient
C - cost to actor

46
Q

What is multilevel selection?

A

Cooperation with organisms that are NOT related, if the cooperation helps their group then cooperation will increase in frequency in the population, even if it doesnt increase within groups

47
Q

How do you calculate genetic load?

A

1 - wbar = Load

48
Q

What is neutral theory?

A

Most changes must be neutral therefore the main driver of evolution is genetic drift

49
Q

What areas of the genome evolve slowest?

A

Those near histones

50
Q

What areas of the genome evolve the fastest?

A

Introns

51
Q

How does neutral theory explain variation in populations?

A

You’re simply seeing mutations on their way to fixation or loss, NOT because of balancing selection

52
Q

What does nearly neutral theory state?

A
  • as Ne goes down, more mutations will be effectively neutral
  • as Ne goes up, selection is the main driver
  • predicts high heterozygosity in big pops
  • predicts an inconstant molecular clock
53
Q

What should low levels of evolution reflect in dN/dS ratios?

A

N should be low, S should be high

54
Q

Are hard sweeps consistent w/ neutrality?

A

No

55
Q

If there is a molecular clock, what should the relative rates equations look like?

A

Ya-yb=ao-bo

56
Q

What are McDonald Kreitman tests?

A

N/S ratios with Polymorphism/Dimorphism, both P and D should be equal under neutrality

57
Q

What does being diploid allow for?

A

Redundancy, have a back up set

58
Q

As genome size increases in non eukaryotes, mutation rate ___

A

Decreases

59
Q

As genome size increase in eukaryotes, mutation rate ____

A

Increases

60
Q

As Ne increases, what happens to mutations per coding DNA per generation?

A

Decreases

61
Q

What are the two possible reasons organisms age and die?

A

Mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy

62
Q

What is the mutation accumulation hypothesis?

A
  • late acting deleterious mutations are weakly selected against
  • the later in life a mutation has an affect, the weaker its select against
63
Q

What is the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis?

A

Alleles that have an early benefit but a late cost can be adaptation

64
Q

What is extrinsic mortality?

A

Age specific risk of death

65
Q

What does high extrinsic mortality favor?

A

Early reproduction and weak selection on aging

66
Q

What does low extrinsic mortality favor?

A

Later reproduction and slower aging

67
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

Biochemical marks that distinguish paternal and maternal alleles (like mouse IGF-II)

68
Q

What is the coincidental evolution hypothesis?

A

Pathogen virulence is not a target of selection itself

69
Q

What is the shortsighted evolution hypothesis?

A

Traits that enhance pathogen fitness within hosts decreases transmission between hosts (cus it kills the host)

70
Q

What is the trade off hypothesis?

A

Virulence can be favored by selection is killing the host increases its chance of being transmitted

71
Q

Describes the axes of red queen (frequency dependent)

A

X - generation
Y - genotype freq
Two curves that have slightly different periods for the host and parasite, parasite usually ahead

72
Q

Describe the axes of arms race

A

X - generation
Y - frequency
Two S curves that reach 1.0 and then start another pair of S’s

73
Q

What are the axes of a time shift experiment and which would prove red queen and which would prove arms race?

A

X - host time point
Y - parasite infectivity
Red queen - progressive rise then shoots down
Arms race - progressive decrease from high infectivity

74
Q

What kind of selection is red queen?

A

Balancing

75
Q

What kind of selection is arms race?

A

Positive (many selective sweeps)

76
Q

What are the prezygotic barriers?

A
  • habitat
  • temporal
  • behavioral
  • mechanical
  • gametic
77
Q

What are the postzygotic barriers?

A
  • reduced hybrid viability
  • reduced hybrid fertility
  • hybrid breakdown
78
Q

What does allopathic mean?

A

Species is separated into two groups by a barrier

79
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Not mating with hybrids, furthering isolation

80
Q

What does parapatric mean?

A

Two areas separated by a border

81
Q

What does peripatric mean?

A
  • small isolated populations
  • bottleneck
  • NEW environments
82
Q

What is sympatric?

A

NO boundaries

83
Q

What is Haldane’s Rule?

A

When F1 offspring of two diff animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous one

84
Q

Sympatry had ___ rates of speciation

A

Increased

85
Q

As genes become more different, they become more ___

A

Isolated

86
Q

Selection favors lineages with ____ ____ __ ______

A

Increased rates of origination

87
Q

What is Cope’s Rule?

A

Body size in species tens to increase over evo time

88
Q

What is biogenetic law?

A

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

89
Q

What is allometry?

A

Diff body parts evolving at diff rates

90
Q

What is heterochrony?

A

Developmental programs being done at diff times of development

91
Q

What are hox genes?

A

HIGHLY pleiotropic genes,code for major segments of the body

92
Q

What is incomplete lineage sorting?

A

The gap between the gene tree and the species tree

93
Q

Why is lineage sorting in terms of one gene a bad idea?

A

There are some spaces where there is no difference

94
Q

What is the most supported theory for the evolution of Homo sapiens?

A

Hybridization and assimilation

95
Q

What is polygenic adaptation?

A

Adapting through many small gene changes that are beneficial

Evolution (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions